Mycobacterium tuberculosisMycobacterium tuberculosis – aussi nommée bacille de Koch (BK) en référence à son découvreur Robert Koch – est une espèce de bacille de la famille des Mycobacteriaceae. Sa structure la rapproche des bactéries à Gram positif bien qu'en pratique la coloration de Gram soit difficilement réalisable sur elle. C'est l'espèce type du genre Mycobacterium et l'agent infectieux responsable de la tuberculose humaine. La découverte de M.
Bacterial cell structureThe bacterium, despite its simplicity, contains a well-developed cell structure which is responsible for some of its unique biological structures and pathogenicity. Many structural features are unique to bacteria and are not found among archaea or eukaryotes. Because of the simplicity of bacteria relative to larger organisms and the ease with which they can be manipulated experimentally, the cell structure of bacteria has been well studied, revealing many biochemical principles that have been subsequently applied to other organisms.
Immunité humoraleL'immunité humorale, ou immunité à médiation humorale, est l'immunité adaptative par production d'anticorps. Cette réponse immunitaire se compose de quatre grandes étapes : la reconnaissance de l'antigène et une sélection clonale, la prolifération clonale, la différenciation des lymphocytes B en plasmocytes et la formation de complexe immun pour neutraliser l'antigène. Reconnaissance de l'antigène et sélection clonale : le lymphocyte B étant capable de reconnaître la molécule étrangère sera sélectionné et cette sélection va provoquer l'activation des lymphocytes B.
Frameshift mutationA frameshift mutation (also called a framing error or a reading frame shift) is a genetic mutation caused by indels (insertions or deletions) of a number of nucleotides in a DNA sequence that is not divisible by three. Due to the triplet nature of gene expression by codons, the insertion or deletion can change the reading frame (the grouping of the codons), resulting in a completely different translation from the original. The earlier in the sequence the deletion or insertion occurs, the more altered the protein.
Germline mutationA germline mutation, or germinal mutation, is any detectable variation within germ cells (cells that, when fully developed, become sperm and ova). Mutations in these cells are the only mutations that can be passed on to offspring, when either a mutated sperm or oocyte come together to form a zygote. After this fertilization event occurs, germ cells divide rapidly to produce all of the cells in the body, causing this mutation to be present in every somatic and germline cell in the offspring; this is also known as a constitutional mutation.
Mutation non-sensIn genetics, a nonsense mutation is a point mutation in a sequence of DNA that results in a premature stop codon, or a nonsense codon in the transcribed mRNA, and in leading to a truncated, incomplete, and nonfunctional protein product. Nonsense mutation is not always harmful, the functional effect of a nonsense mutation depends on many aspects, such as the location of the stop codon within the coding DNA. For example, the effect of a nonsense mutation depends on the proximity of the nonsense mutation to the original stop codon, and the degree to which functional subdomains of the protein are affected.
Polyclonal B cell responsePolyclonal B cell response is a natural mode of immune response exhibited by the adaptive immune system of mammals. It ensures that a single antigen is recognized and attacked through its overlapping parts, called epitopes, by multiple clones of B cell. In the course of normal immune response, parts of pathogens (e.g. bacteria) are recognized by the immune system as foreign (non-self), and eliminated or effectively neutralized to reduce their potential damage. Such a recognizable substance is called an antigen.
Exome sequencingExome sequencing, also known as whole exome sequencing (WES), is a genomic technique for sequencing all of the protein-coding regions of genes in a genome (known as the exome). It consists of two steps: the first step is to select only the subset of DNA that encodes proteins. These regions are known as exons—humans have about 180,000 exons, constituting about 1% of the human genome, or approximately 30 million base pairs. The second step is to sequence the exonic DNA using any high-throughput DNA sequencing technology.
Bacterial genomeBacterial genomes are generally smaller and less variant in size among species when compared with genomes of eukaryotes. Bacterial genomes can range in size anywhere from about 130 kbp to over 14 Mbp. A study that included, but was not limited to, 478 bacterial genomes, concluded that as genome size increases, the number of genes increases at a disproportionately slower rate in eukaryotes than in non-eukaryotes. Thus, the proportion of non-coding DNA goes up with genome size more quickly in non-bacteria than in bacteria.
TuberculoseLa tuberculose est une maladie infectieuse causée par la bactérie Mycobacterium tuberculosis, qui se transmet par voie aérienne, avec des signes cliniques variables. Elle touche le plus souvent les poumons et peut parfois atteindre d’autres organes. Elle arrive en tête des causes de mortalité d'origine infectieuse à l’échelle mondiale, devant le sida. L'Organisation mondiale de la santé (OMS) rapporte à travers son rapport annuel consacré à la tuberculose et sorti en 2015 que de personnes sont mortes de la tuberculose l’année précédente.
