Land and water hemispheresThe land hemisphere and water hemisphere are the hemispheres of Earth containing the largest possible total areas of land and ocean, respectively. By definition (assuming that the entire surface can be classed as either "land" or "ocean"), the two hemispheres do not overlap. Determinations of the hemispheres vary slightly. One determination places the centre of the land hemisphere at (in the city of Nantes, France). The centre of the water hemisphere is the antipode of the centre of the land hemisphere, and is therefore located at (near New Zealand's Bounty Islands in the Pacific Ocean).
Fond diffus cosmologiqueLe fond diffus cosmologique (FDC, ou CMB pour l'anglais cosmic microwave background, « fond cosmique de micro-ondes ») est un rayonnement électromagnétique très homogène observé dans toutes les directions du ciel et dont le pic d'émission est situé dans le domaine des micro-ondes. On le qualifie de diffus parce qu'il ne provient pas d'une ou plusieurs sources localisées, et de cosmologique parce que, selon l'interprétation qu'on en fait, il est présent dans tout l'Univers (le cosmos).
Northern celestial hemisphereThe northern celestial hemisphere, also called the Northern Sky, is the northern half of the celestial sphere; that is, it lies north of the celestial equator. This arbitrary sphere appears to rotate westward around a polar axis due to Earth's rotation. At any given time, the entire Northern Sky is visible from the geographic North Pole, while less of the hemisphere is visible the further south the observer is located. The southern counterpart is the southern celestial hemisphere.
Sphère célestevignette|Sphère céleste entourant la Terre. La sphère céleste est une construction géométrique représentant le ciel tel qu'il apparaît à un observateur isolé. Incapable de déterminer les distances qui le séparent des astres, il imagine qu'ils sont situés sur la surface d'une sphère visible : le ciel nocturne. C'est une sphère imaginaire, de rayon arbitraire et dont le centre est l'origine du système de coordonnées célestes de référence considéré.
Neutrino stérileLe neutrino stérile est un type hypothétique de neutrino qui n'interagit via aucune des interactions fondamentales du modèle standard de la physique des particules, hormis la gravité. C'est un neutrino dextrogyre (autrement dit à chiralité droite) léger ou bien un antineutrino lévogyre qui pourrait s'ajouter au modèle standard, et prendre part aux phénomènes tels que le mélange des neutrinos. Le terme neutrino stérile est utilisé pour le distinguer du neutrino actif du modèle standard, qui dispose d'une charge pour l'interaction faible.
Least-squares spectral analysisLeast-squares spectral analysis (LSSA) is a method of estimating a frequency spectrum based on a least-squares fit of sinusoids to data samples, similar to Fourier analysis. Fourier analysis, the most used spectral method in science, generally boosts long-periodic noise in the long and gapped records; LSSA mitigates such problems. Unlike in Fourier analysis, data need not be equally spaced to use LSSA.
Quadrupole mass analyzerIn mass spectrometry, the quadrupole mass analyzer (or quadrupole mass filter) is a type of mass analyzer originally conceived by Nobel laureate Wolfgang Paul and his student Helmut Steinwedel. As the name implies, it consists of four cylindrical rods, set parallel to each other. In a quadrupole mass spectrometer (QMS) the quadrupole is the mass analyzer - the component of the instrument responsible for selecting sample ions based on their mass-to-charge ratio (m/z).
Particle showerIn particle physics, a shower is a cascade of secondary particles produced as the result of a high-energy particle interacting with dense matter. The incoming particle interacts, producing multiple new particles with lesser energy; each of these then interacts, in the same way, a process that continues until many thousands, millions, or even billions of low-energy particles are produced. These are then stopped in the matter and absorbed. There are two basic types of showers.
Quadrupole ion trapIn experimental physics, a quadrupole ion trap or paul trap is a type of ion trap that uses dynamic electric fields to trap charged particles. They are also called radio frequency (RF) traps or Paul traps in honor of Wolfgang Paul, who invented the device and shared the Nobel Prize in Physics in 1989 for this work. It is used as a component of a mass spectrometer or a trapped ion quantum computer. A charged particle, such as an atomic or molecular ion, feels a force from an electric field.
Quadrupôle électrostatiquevignette|Quadrupôle électrique. En électrostatique, un quadrupôle est une distribution de charges telle que les barycentres des charges positives et des charges négatives soient confondus. Soit une distribution de charges aux points . Cette distribution à support compact crée à une grande distance des charges (pour , avec longueur caractéristique de la distribution) un potentiel .
