Lipid metabolismLipid metabolism is the synthesis and degradation of lipids in cells, involving the breakdown and storage of fats for energy and the synthesis of structural and functional lipids, such as those involved in the construction of cell membranes. In animals, these fats are obtained from food and are synthesized by the liver. Lipogenesis is the process of synthesizing these fats. The majority of lipids found in the human body from ingesting food are triglycerides and cholesterol.
Neuromyélite optiqueLa neuromyélite optique, aussi connue comme la « maladie de Devic », la « sclérose optique-spinale », la « leuconévraxite amaurotique » ou la « neuropticomyélite », est un syndrome associant une atteinte du nerf optique et de la moelle épinière. C'est une maladie auto-immune longtemps confondue avec une forme particulière de sclérose en plaques et que l'on sait à présent être due à la présence d'auto-anticorps anti-aquaporine 4 ou 'anti-MOG. Il associe une névrite optique aiguë et une myélite aiguë transverse.
Aerobic fermentationAerobic fermentation or aerobic glycolysis is a metabolic process by which cells metabolize sugars via fermentation in the presence of oxygen and occurs through the repression of normal respiratory metabolism. It is referred to as the Crabtree effect in yeast. and is part of the Warburg effect in tumor cells. While aerobic fermentation does not produce adenosine triphosphate (ATP) in high yield, it allows proliferating cells to convert nutrients such as glucose and glutamine more efficiently into biomass by avoiding unnecessary catabolic oxidation of such nutrients into carbon dioxide, preserving carbon-carbon bonds and promoting anabolism.
Glucose testMany types of glucose tests exist and they can be used to estimate blood sugar levels at a given time or, over a longer period of time, to obtain average levels or to see how fast body is able to normalize changed glucose levels. Eating food for example leads to elevated blood sugar levels. In healthy people these levels quickly return to normal via increased cellular glucose uptake which is primarily mediated by increase in blood insulin levels. Glucose tests can reveal temporary/long-term hyperglycemia or hypoglycemia.
Lesional demyelinations of the central nervous systemMultiple sclerosis and other demyelinating diseases of the central nervous system (CNS) produce lesions (demyelinated areas in the CNS) and glial scars or scleroses. They present different shapes and histological findings according to the underlying condition that produces them. Demyelinating diseases are traditionally classified in two kinds: demyelinating myelinoclastic diseases and demyelinating leukodystrophic diseases. In the first group a normal and healthy myelin is destroyed by a toxic, chemical or autoimmune substance.
Flux (metabolism)Flux, or metabolic flux is the rate of turnover of molecules through a metabolic pathway. Flux is regulated by the enzymes involved in a pathway. Within cells, regulation of flux is vital for all metabolic pathways to regulate the pathway's activity under different conditions. Flux is therefore of great interest in metabolic network modelling, where it is analysed via flux balance analysis and metabolic control analysis.
Rostral migratory streamThe rostral migratory stream (RMS) is a specialized migratory route found in the brain of some animals along which neuronal precursors that originated in the subventricular zone (SVZ) of the brain migrate to reach the main olfactory bulb (OB). The importance of the RMS lies in its ability to refine and even change an animal's sensitivity to smells, which explains its importance and larger size in the rodent brain as compared to the human brain, as our olfactory sense is not as developed.
Glycéraldéhyde-3-phosphateLe glycéraldéhyde-3-phosphate, également appelé 3-phosphoglycéraldéhyde et couramment abrégé en G3P ou GAP (ou PGAL par les anglophones), est un composé organique intervenant de façon centrale dans plusieurs voies métaboliques de la plupart des êtres vivants. Il s'agit d'un ester phosphorique du glycéraldéhyde, dont seul l'énantiomère D-glycéraldéhyde-3-phosphate est biologiquement actif. C'est un métabolite essentiel de la glycolyse, et il intervient également dans la phase non-oxydative de la voie des pentoses phosphates.
Radial glial cellRadial glial cells, or radial glial progenitor cells (RGPs), are bipolar-shaped progenitor cells that are responsible for producing all of the neurons in the cerebral cortex. RGPs also produce certain lineages of glia, including astrocytes and oligodendrocytes. Their cell bodies (somata) reside in the embryonic ventricular zone, which lies next to the developing ventricular system. During development, newborn neurons use radial glia as scaffolds, traveling along the radial glial fibers in order to reach their final destinations.
Respiration cellulaireredresse=2|vignette|Schéma de principe de la phosphorylation oxydative dans une mitochondrie illustrant l'intégration du cycle de Krebs avec la chaîne respiratoire, et le couplage de celle-ci avec l'ATP synthase au moyen d'un gradient électrochimique issu d'un gradient de concentration de protons à travers la membrane mitochondriale interne. La respiration cellulaire est l'ensemble des processus du métabolisme cellulaire convertissant l'énergie chimique contenue dans le glucose en adénosine triphosphate (ATP).
