Third-degree atrioventricular blockThird-degree atrioventricular block (AV block) is a medical condition in which the electrical impulse generated in the sinoatrial node (SA node) in the atrium of the heart can not propagate to the ventricles. Because the impulse is blocked, an accessory pacemaker in the lower chambers will typically activate the ventricles. This is known as an escape rhythm. Since this accessory pacemaker also activates independently of the impulse generated at the SA node, two independent rhythms can be noted on the electrocardiogram (ECG).
Coronary catheterizationA coronary catheterization is a minimally invasive procedure to access the coronary circulation and blood filled chambers of the heart using a catheter. It is performed for both diagnostic and interventional (treatment) purposes. Coronary catheterization is one of the several cardiology diagnostic tests and procedures. Specifically, through the injection of a liquid radiocontrast agent and illumination with X-rays, angiocardiography allows the recognition of occlusion, stenosis, restenosis, thrombosis or aneurysmal enlargement of the coronary artery lumens; heart chamber size; heart muscle contraction performance; and some aspects of heart valve function.
Vocal cord noduleVocal cord nodules are bilaterally symmetrical benign white masses that form at the midpoint of the vocal folds. Although diagnosis involves a physical examination of the head and neck, as well as perceptual voice measures, visualization of the vocal nodules via laryngeal endoscopy remains the primary diagnostic method. Vocal fold nodules interfere with the vibratory characteristics of the vocal folds by increasing the mass of the vocal folds and changing the configuration of the vocal fold closure pattern.
Smallest cardiac veinsThe smallest cardiac veins (also known as the Thebesian veins (named for Adam Christian Thebesius)) are small, valveless veins in the walls of all four heart chambers that drain venous blood from the myocardium directly into any of the heart chambers. They are most abundant in the right atrium, and least abundant in the left ventricle. The smallest cardiac veins vary greatly in size and number. Those draining the right atrium have a lumen of up to 2 mm in diameter, whereas those draining the right ventricle have lumens as small as 0.
Ultrasonography of chronic venous insufficiency of the legsUltrasonography of suspected or previously confirmed chronic venous insufficiency of leg veins is a risk-free, non-invasive procedure. It gives information about the anatomy, physiology and pathology of mainly superficial veins. As with heart ultrasound (echocardiography) studies, venous ultrasonography requires an understanding of hemodynamics in order to give useful examination reports. In chronic venous insufficiency, sonographic examination is of most benefit; in confirming varicose disease, making an assessment of the hemodynamics, and charting the progression of the disease and its response to treatment.
Corde vocaleLes cordes vocales, plus justement appelées les plis vocaux, sont un des organes musculaires de la phonation constitué de replis fermes et souples à la fois des membranes muqueuses du larynx dont la vibration produit les sons vocaux — cri, langage, chant. Au nombre de deux, les plis vocaux peuvent être complètement relâchés, écartés (comme pour la respiration libre), totalement bloqués ou en position intermédiaire de telle sorte qu'ils s'accolent, et que le flux d'air expiré les mette en vibration : cela produit le son de la voix chantée, ou tous les sons voisés du langage.
PhonationLa phonation est la production des phones ou sons propres à la langue parlée. L'être humain produit un son dans son conduit vocal en chassant l'air de ses poumons (en expirant) ; cet air passe au travers des cordes vocales puis de la cavité buccale ou de la cavité nasale. Les caractéristiques sonores produites sont contrôlées par le débit d'air expiré, la tension sur les cordes vocales, et la forme du conduit vocal (langue, bouche, mâchoire). On distingue les différents sons par plusieurs caractéristiques.
Phonétique articulatoireLa phonétique articulatoire est une branche de la phonétique qui s'intéresse à la production des sons de la parole. Du point de vue articulatoire, les phonèmes sont classés selon leurs modes et points d'articulation. labiale bilabiale labio-vélaire apicale dentale alvéolaire laminale rétroflexe dorsale palatale vélaire uvulaire pharyngale glottale occlusive fricative affriquée latérale nasale clic antérieure / postérieure arrondie / non-arrondie ouverte / fermée nasale / orale Loi du moindre effort articula
