Matrice extracellulaireLa matrice extracellulaire est, dans des organismes vivants, un réseau tridimensionnel de macromolécules extracellulaires qui constitue la charpente des tissus. Appelé aussi ciment intercellulaire chez les animaux, ce réseau est présent dans tous les tissus animaux et est un support pour l'adhésion cellulaire. La matrice est constituée en grande partie de glycoprotéines et de protéines, ainsi que de glycosaminoglycanes chez les animaux et des pectines dans celle des végétaux.
Component (graph theory)In graph theory, a component of an undirected graph is a connected subgraph that is not part of any larger connected subgraph. The components of any graph partition its vertices into disjoint sets, and are the induced subgraphs of those sets. A graph that is itself connected has exactly one component, consisting of the whole graph. Components are sometimes called connected components. The number of components in a given graph is an important graph invariant, and is closely related to invariants of matroids, topological spaces, and matrices.
Loose connective tissueLoose connective tissue, also known as areolar tissue, is a cellular connective tissue with thin and relatively sparse collagen fibers. Its ground substance occupies more volume than the fibers do. It has a viscous to gel-like consistency and plays an important role in the diffusion of oxygen and nutrients from the capillaries that course through this connective tissue as well as in the diffusion of carbon dioxide and metabolic wastes back to the vessels.
Coefficient de clusteringalt=|vignette|Un graphe de fort coefficient de clustering. En théorie des graphes et en analyse des réseaux sociaux, le coefficient de clustering d'un graphe (aussi appelé coefficient d'agglomération, de connexion, de regroupement, d'agrégation ou de transitivité), est une mesure du regroupement des nœuds dans un réseau. Plus précisément, ce coefficient est la probabilité que deux nœuds soient connectés sachant qu'ils ont un voisin en commun.
Matrice (biologie)In biology, matrix (: matrices) is the material (or tissue) in between a eukaryotic organism's cells. The structure of connective tissues is an extracellular matrix. Fingernails and toenails grow from matrices. It is found in various connective tissues. It serves as a jelly-like structure instead of cytoplasm in connective tissue. Extracellular matrix The main ingredients of the extracellular matrix are glycoproteins secreted by the cells. The most abundant glycoprotein in the ECM of most animal cells is collagen, which forms strong fibers outside the cells.
Uncertainty coefficientIn statistics, the uncertainty coefficient, also called proficiency, entropy coefficient or Theil's U, is a measure of nominal association. It was first introduced by Henri Theil and is based on the concept of information entropy. Suppose we have samples of two discrete random variables, X and Y. By constructing the joint distribution, PX,Y(x, y), from which we can calculate the conditional distributions, PXY(xy) = PX,Y(x, y)/PY(y) and PYX(yx) = PX,Y(x, y)/PX(x), and calculating the various entropies, we can determine the degree of association between the two variables.
Partitionnement de donnéesvignette|upright=1.2|Exemple de clustering hiérarchique. Le partitionnement de données (ou data clustering en anglais) est une méthode en analyse des données. Elle vise à diviser un ensemble de données en différents « paquets » homogènes, en ce sens que les données de chaque sous-ensemble partagent des caractéristiques communes, qui correspondent le plus souvent à des critères de proximité (similarité informatique) que l'on définit en introduisant des mesures et classes de distance entre objets.
Closed graph propertyIn mathematics, particularly in functional analysis and topology, closed graph is a property of functions. A function f : X → Y between topological spaces has a closed graph if its graph is a closed subset of the product space X × Y. A related property is open graph. This property is studied because there are many theorems, known as closed graph theorems, giving conditions under which a function with a closed graph is necessarily continuous. One particularly well-known class of closed graph theorems are the closed graph theorems in functional analysis.
Analyse fonctionnelle (mathématiques)L'analyse fonctionnelle est la branche des mathématiques et plus particulièrement de l'analyse qui étudie les espaces de fonctions. Elle prend ses racines historiques dans l'étude des transformations telles que la transformation de Fourier et dans l'étude des équations différentielles ou intégro-différentielles. Le terme fonctionnelle trouve son origine dans le cadre du calcul des variations, pour désigner des fonctions dont les arguments sont des fonctions.
Fractional anisotropyFractional anisotropy (FA) is a scalar value between zero and one that describes the degree of anisotropy of a diffusion process. A value of zero means that diffusion is isotropic, i.e. it is unrestricted (or equally restricted) in all directions. A value of one means that diffusion occurs only along one axis and is fully restricted along all other directions. FA is a measure often used in diffusion imaging where it is thought to reflect fiber density, axonal diameter, and myelination in white matter.
