Schaffer collateralSchaffer collaterals are axon collaterals given off by CA3 pyramidal cells in the hippocampus. These collaterals project to area CA1 of the hippocampus and are an integral part of memory formation and the emotional network of the Papez circuit, and of the hippocampal trisynaptic loop. It is one of the most studied synapses in the world and named after the Hungarian anatomist-neurologist Károly Schaffer. As a part of the hippocampal structures, Schaffer collaterals develop the limbic system, which plays a critical role in the aspects of learning and memory.
Accouchementvignette|Une femme venant d'accoucher et son nouveau-né. vignette|Vénus paléolithique des grottes de Grimaldi : l'artiste a sculpté des femmes sur le point d'accoucher (vulve dilatée, tête du bébé émergeant de l'utérus). Laccouchement est l'action de mettre un enfant au monde. Il existe deux types d'accouchements : laccouchement par voie basse et l'accouchement par césarienne. Cet article traite uniquement de l'accouchement par voie basse. L'accouchement par voie basse consiste en l'expulsion des fœtus de l'utérus.
Excitatory synapseAn excitatory synapse is a synapse in which an action potential in a presynaptic neuron increases the probability of an action potential occurring in a postsynaptic cell. Neurons form networks through which nerve impulses travels, each neuron often making numerous connections with other cells of neurons. These electrical signals may be excitatory or inhibitory, and, if the total of excitatory influences exceeds that of the inhibitory influences, the neuron will generate a new action potential at its axon hillock, thus transmitting the information to yet another cell.
Système limbiqueLe système limbique, appelé parfois cerveau limbique ou cerveau émotionnel, est le groupe de structures de l'encéphale jouant un rôle très important dans le comportement et dans diverses émotions comme l'agressivité, la douleur morale, la peur, le plaisir ainsi que la formation de la mémoire. 'Limbe' signifiant 'frontière', le système limbique est une interface anatomique et fonctionnelle entre la vie cognitive et la vie végétative.
Substitut du lait maternelvignette|Lait artificiel Un substitut du lait maternel, plus communément appelé lait artificiel, préparation infantile, ou encore préparation pour nourrisson, désigne (OMS 1981). Le premier substitut du lait maternel a été créé en 1865 par Justus von Liebig. La plupart des substituts du lait maternel sont aujourd'hui à base de lait de vache. Il existe des boissons pour nourrisson à base de riz ou de soja.
Cognitive mapA cognitive map is a type of mental representation which serves an individual to acquire, code, store, recall, and decode information about the relative locations and attributes of phenomena in their everyday or metaphorical spatial environment. The concept was introduced by Edward Tolman in 1948. He tried to explain the behavior of rats that appeared to learn the spatial layout of a maze, and subsequently the concept was applied to other animals, including humans.
Gestational ageIn obstetrics, gestational age is a measure of the age of a pregnancy taken from the beginning of the woman's last menstrual period (LMP), or the corresponding age of the gestation as estimated by a more accurate method if available. Such methods include adding 14 days to a known duration since fertilization (as is possible in in vitro fertilization), or by obstetric ultrasonography. The popularity of using this measure of pregnancy is due to the fact that menstrual periods are usually noticed, while there is generally no convenient way to discern when fertilization or implantation occurred.
Fatty acid metabolismFatty acid metabolism consists of various metabolic processes involving or closely related to fatty acids, a family of molecules classified within the lipid macronutrient category. These processes can mainly be divided into (1) catabolic processes that generate energy and (2) anabolic processes where they serve as building blocks for other compounds. In catabolism, fatty acids are metabolized to produce energy, mainly in the form of adenosine triphosphate (ATP).
Sciences cognitivesthumb|283x283px|Les six disciplines scientifiques constituant les sciences cognitives et leurs liens interdisciplinaires, par l'un des pères fondateurs du domaine, G. A. Miller. Les traits pleins symbolisent les disciplines entre lesquelles existaient déjà des liens scientifiques à la naissance des sciences cognitives ; en pointillés, les disciplines entre lesquelles des interfaces se sont développées depuis lors.
Cognitive inhibitionCognitive inhibition refers to the mind's ability to tune out stimuli that are irrelevant to the task/process at hand or to the mind's current state. Cognitive inhibition can be done either in whole or in part, intentionally or otherwise. Cognitive inhibition in particular can be observed in many instances throughout specific areas of cognitive science. The early models of what would become the study and concept of cognitive inhibition were developed by Sigmund Freud.
