First-order partial differential equationIn mathematics, a first-order partial differential equation is a partial differential equation that involves only first derivatives of the unknown function of n variables. The equation takes the form Such equations arise in the construction of characteristic surfaces for hyperbolic partial differential equations, in the calculus of variations, in some geometrical problems, and in simple models for gas dynamics whose solution involves the method of characteristics.
Leibniz integral ruleIn calculus, the Leibniz integral rule for differentiation under the integral sign states that for an integral of the form where and the integrands are functions dependent on the derivative of this integral is expressible as where the partial derivative indicates that inside the integral, only the variation of with is considered in taking the derivative. It is named after Gottfried Leibniz.
Somme (arithmétique)En mathématiques, la somme de deux nombres est le résultat de leur addition. Les éléments additionnés s’appellent les termes de la somme. Elle se calcule de différentes manières selon le système de numération employé. Du fait de la commutativité et de l'associativité de l'addition, la somme d'un ensemble fini de nombres est bien définie indépendamment de l'ordre dans lequel est faite l'addition, mais il n'existe pas toujours de formule réduite pour l'exprimer.
Standard part functionIn nonstandard analysis, the standard part function is a function from the limited (finite) hyperreal numbers to the real numbers. Briefly, the standard part function "rounds off" a finite hyperreal to the nearest real. It associates to every such hyperreal , the unique real infinitely close to it, i.e. is infinitesimal. As such, it is a mathematical implementation of the historical concept of adequality introduced by Pierre de Fermat, as well as Leibniz's Transcendental law of homogeneity.
