Primary cell culturePrimary cell culture is the ex vivo culture of cells freshly obtained from a multicellular organism, as opposed to the culture of immortalized cell lines. In general, primary cell cultures are considered more representative of in vivo tissues than cell lines, and this is recognized legally in some countries such as the UK (Human Tissue Act 2004). However, primary cells require adequate substrate and nutrient conditions to thrive and after a certain number of divisions they acquire a senescent phenotype, leading to irreversible cell cycle arrest.
MétabolomeThe metabolome refers to the complete set of small-molecule chemicals found within a biological sample. The biological sample can be a cell, a cellular organelle, an organ, a tissue, a tissue extract, a biofluid or an entire organism. The small molecule chemicals found in a given metabolome may include both endogenous metabolites that are naturally produced by an organism (such as amino acids, organic acids, nucleic acids, fatty acids, amines, sugars, vitamins, co-factors, pigments, antibiotics, etc.
StructurationLa théorie de la structuration est une théorie sociale sur la création et le maintien des systèmes sociaux qui s'appuie sur l'analyse des structures et des agents, sans donner de primauté à l'un de ces ensembles. Selon cette théorie, prise seule, ni l'analyse macrosociologique, ni l'analyse microsociologique, n'est suffisante. Elle vise donc à articuler l'agent et les structures, sans donner de primauté à l'un ou à l'autre.
Structure et agentivitéDans les sciences sociales existe un débat permanent sur la primauté de la structure ou de l’agentivité (en anglais agency, terme qui est parfois utilisé en français) dans le façonnement des comportements humains. Les structures sont des ensembles de dispositifs qui influencent ou limitent les choix et les opportunités disponibles. L’agentivité est la capacité des individus d’agir indépendamment des structures sociales et de faire librement leur propre choix.
Chemical defenseChemical defense is a strategy employed by many organisms to avoid consumption by producing toxic or repellent metabolites or chemical warnings which incite defensive behavioral changes. The production of defensive chemicals occurs in plants, fungi, and bacteria, as well as invertebrate and vertebrate animals. The class of chemicals produced by organisms that are considered defensive may be considered in a strict sense to only apply to those aiding an organism in escaping herbivory or predation.
Technology and societyTechnology society and life or technology and culture refers to the inter-dependency, co-dependence, co-influence, and co-production of technology and society upon one another. Evidence for this synergy has been found since humanity first started using simple tools. The inter-relationship has continued as modern technologies such as the printing press and computers have helped shape society. The first scientific approach to this relationship occurred with the development of tektology, the "science of organization", in early twentieth century Imperial Russia.
