Reactor-grade plutoniumReactor-grade plutonium (RGPu) is the isotopic grade of plutonium that is found in spent nuclear fuel after the uranium-235 primary fuel that a nuclear power reactor uses has burnt up. The uranium-238 from which most of the plutonium isotopes derive by neutron capture is found along with the U-235 in the low enriched uranium fuel of civilian reactors.
Passive nuclear safetyPassive nuclear safety is a design approach for safety features, implemented in a nuclear reactor, that does not require any active intervention on the part of the operator or electrical/electronic feedback in order to bring the reactor to a safe shutdown state, in the event of a particular type of emergency (usually overheating resulting from a loss of coolant or loss of coolant flow).
Nuclear reactor coreA nuclear reactor core is the portion of a nuclear reactor containing the nuclear fuel components where the nuclear reactions take place and the heat is generated. Typically, the fuel will be low-enriched uranium contained in thousands of individual fuel pins. The core also contains structural components, the means to both moderate the neutrons and control the reaction, and the means to transfer the heat from the fuel to where it is required, outside the core.
Liquid fluoride thorium reactorThe liquid fluoride thorium reactor (LFTR; often pronounced lifter) is a type of molten salt reactor. LFTRs use the thorium fuel cycle with a fluoride-based molten (liquid) salt for fuel. In a typical design, the liquid is pumped between a critical core and an external heat exchanger where the heat is transferred to a nonradioactive secondary salt. The secondary salt then transfers its heat to a steam turbine or closed-cycle gas turbine. Molten-salt-fueled reactors (MSRs) supply the nuclear fuel mixed into a molten salt.
ConvectionLa convection est l'ensemble des mouvements internes (verticaux ou horizontaux) qui animent un fluide et qui impliquent alors le transport des propriétés des particules de ce fluide au cours de son déplacement. Elle peut être due à des différences de température, une agitation mécanique, un pompage etc. Ce transfert implique l'échange de chaleur entre une surface et un fluide mobile à son contact, ou le déplacement de chaleur au sein d'un fluide par le mouvement d'ensemble de ses molécules d'un point à un autre.
Combustible nucléairevignette|Modèle de l'atome. Le combustible nucléaire est le produit qui, contenant des isotopes fissiles (uranium, plutonium...), fournit l'énergie dans le cœur d'un réacteur nucléaire en entretenant la réaction en chaîne de fission nucléaire. Les termes « combustible » et « combustion » sont utilisés par analogie à la chaleur dégagée par une matière en feu, mais sont inappropriés pour caractériser tant le produit que son action.
DounreayDounreay est à la fois le nom d'un château en ruine situé sur la côte de Caithness au nord de l'Écosse dans la région des Highlands et d'un centre de recherches nucléaires. Jusqu'en 1949, c'était un aérodrome qui avait été utilisé pendant la Seconde Guerre mondiale. Dounreay est localisé à environ à l'ouest de la ville de Thurso en Écosse. En 2011, le centre de recherches comprend cinq réacteurs nucléaires, trois exploités par l'Autorité britannique de l'énergie atomique (UKAEA) et deux par le Ministère de la Défense du Royaume-Uni.
Nuclear reactor safety systemThe three primary objectives of nuclear reactor safety systems as defined by the U.S. Nuclear Regulatory Commission are to shut down the reactor, maintain it in a shutdown condition and prevent the release of radioactive material. A reactor protection system is designed to immediately terminate the nuclear reaction. By breaking the nuclear chain reaction, the source of heat is eliminated. Other systems can then be used to remove decay heat from the core. All nuclear plants have some form of reactor protection system.
Combined forced and natural convectionIn fluid thermodynamics, combined forced convection and natural convection, or mixed convection, occurs when natural convection and forced convection mechanisms act together to transfer heat. This is also defined as situations where both pressure forces and buoyant forces interact. How much each form of convection contributes to the heat transfer is largely determined by the flow, temperature, geometry, and orientation. The nature of the fluid is also influential, since the Grashof number increases in a fluid as temperature increases, but is maximized at some point for a gas.
Forced convectionForced convection is a mechanism, or type of transport, in which fluid motion is generated by an external source (like a pump, fan, suction device, etc.). Alongside natural convection, thermal radiation, and thermal conduction it is one of the methods of heat transfer and allows significant amounts of heat energy to be transported very efficiently. This mechanism is found very commonly in everyday life, including central heating, air conditioning, steam turbines, and in many other machines.
