Circular definitionA circular definition is a type of definition that uses the term(s) being defined as part of the description or assumes that the term(s) being described are already known. There are several kinds of circular definition, and several ways of characterising the term: pragmatic, lexicographic and linguistic. Circular definitions are related to Circular reasoning in that they both involve a self-referential approach. Circular definitions may be unhelpful if the audience must either already know the meaning of the key term, or if the term to be defined is used in the definition itself.
Pinch (plasma physics)A pinch (or: Bennett pinch (after Willard Harrison Bennett), electromagnetic pinch, magnetic pinch, pinch effect, or plasma pinch.) is the compression of an electrically conducting filament by magnetic forces, or a device that does such. The conductor is usually a plasma, but could also be a solid or liquid metal. Pinches were the first type of device used for experiments in controlled nuclear fusion power. Pinches occur naturally in electrical discharges such as lightning bolts, planetary auroras, current sheets, and solar flares.
Définition des planètesvignette|Photographie de la planète Neptune (en grand) et de sa lune Triton (en petit), prise par Voyager 2 lors de sa sortie de la partie planétaire du Système solaire. Depuis sa création afin de décrire les « étoiles errantes » de l'époque classique, la définition des planètes est empreinte d'ambigüité. Durant sa longue utilisation, le mot a eu différentes significations, souvent équivalentes.
Intension et extensionEn logique, l’intension (ou « compréhension ») et l’extension sont deux façons de définir un concept. L'intension d'un concept est sa définition. Par exemple, l'intension de « chat » est : « animal à quatre pattes de la famille des félins ». L'extension est l'ensemble des choses auxquelles l'intension (la définition) s'applique. Par exemple : mon chat, le chat de mon voisin, les chats siamois, etc.
Theta pinchTheta-pinch, or θ-pinch, is a type of fusion power reactor design. The name refers to the configuration of currents used to confine the plasma fuel in the reactor, arranged to run around a cylinder in the direction normally denoted as theta in polar coordinate diagrams. The name was chosen to differentiate it from machines based on the pinch effect that arranged their currents running down the centre of the cylinder; these became known as z-pinch machines, referring to the Z-axis in cartesian coordinates.
