Théorie VSEPRLa théorie VSEPR (sigle de l'anglais Valence Shell Electron Pair Repulsion, en français RPECV : « répulsion des paires électroniques de la couche de valence ») est une méthode destinée à prédire la géométrie des molécules en s'appuyant sur la théorie de la répulsion des électrons de la couche de valence. Elle est aussi connue sous le nom de « théorie de Gillespie » (ou théorie de Nyholm-Gillespie). Ce sont les Britanniques Nevil Sidgwick et Herbert Powell de l'Université d'Oxford qui ont proposé en 1940 une corrélation entre la géométrie moléculaire et le nombre des électrons de valence.
Electron magnetic momentIn atomic physics, the electron magnetic moment, or more specifically the electron magnetic dipole moment, is the magnetic moment of an electron resulting from its intrinsic properties of spin and electric charge. The value of the electron magnetic moment (symbol μe) is In units of the Bohr magneton (μB), it is -1.00115965218059μB, a value that was measured with a relative accuracy of 1.3e-13. The electron is a charged particle with charge −e, where e is the unit of elementary charge.
Règle de Klechkowskiredresse=1.2|vignette|Représentation plus courante du diagramme : ici chaque flèche rouge diagonale correspond à une valeur de .La règle de Klechkowski, du nom du chimiste russe Vsevolod Kletchkovski, également appelée règle de Madelung (notamment dans les pays anglo-saxons), du nom du physicien allemand Erwin Madelung, est une méthode empirique permettant de prédire avec une assez bonne précision l'ordre de remplissage des électrons dans les sous-couches des atomes électriquement neutres à l'état fondamental.
Charge formelleIn chemistry, a formal charge (F.C. or q*), in the covalent view of chemical bonding, is the hypothetical charge assigned to an atom in a molecule, assuming that electrons in all chemical bonds are shared equally between atoms, regardless of relative electronegativity. In simple terms, formal charge is the difference between the number of valence electrons of an atom in a neutral free state and the number assigned to that atom in a Lewis structure.
Polyhedral skeletal electron pair theoryIn chemistry the polyhedral skeletal electron pair theory (PSEPT) provides electron counting rules useful for predicting the structures of clusters such as borane and carborane clusters. The electron counting rules were originally formulated by Kenneth Wade, and were further developed by others including Michael Mingos; they are sometimes known as Wade's rules or the Wade–Mingos rules. The rules are based on a molecular orbital treatment of the bonding. These rules have been extended and unified in the form of the Jemmis mno rules.
Hund's rule of maximum multiplicityHund's rule of maximum multiplicity is a rule based on observation of atomic spectra, which is used to predict the ground state of an atom or molecule with one or more open electronic shells. The rule states that for a given electron configuration, the lowest energy term is the one with the greatest value of spin multiplicity. This implies that if two or more orbitals of equal energy are available, electrons will occupy them singly before filling them in pairs.
