Estrogen (medication)An estrogen (E) is a type of medication which is used most commonly in hormonal birth control and menopausal hormone therapy, and as part of feminizing hormone therapy for transgender women. They can also be used in the treatment of hormone-sensitive cancers like breast cancer and prostate cancer and for various other indications. Estrogens are used alone or in combination with progestogens. They are available in a wide variety of formulations and for use by many different routes of administration.
Polyclonal B cell responsePolyclonal B cell response is a natural mode of immune response exhibited by the adaptive immune system of mammals. It ensures that a single antigen is recognized and attacked through its overlapping parts, called epitopes, by multiple clones of B cell. In the course of normal immune response, parts of pathogens (e.g. bacteria) are recognized by the immune system as foreign (non-self), and eliminated or effectively neutralized to reduce their potential damage. Such a recognizable substance is called an antigen.
Cellule (biologie)vignette|Dessin de « cellules » observées dans des coupes d'écorce d'arbre par Robert Hooke en 1665, à l'origine du nom latin cellula « chambre de moine », ayant aussi le sens de cella « petite chambre, chambrette ». vignette|Dessin d'Edmund Beecher Wilson publié en 1900 dont la légende originale était : « Vue générale de cellules situées à la pointe de croissance d'une racine d'oignon à partir d'une coupe longitudinale agrandie . a. cellules qui ne se divisent pas, avec réseau de chromatine et nucléoles fortement colorés ; b.
Cell growthCell growth refers to an increase in the total mass of a cell, including both cytoplasmic, nuclear and organelle volume. Cell growth occurs when the overall rate of cellular biosynthesis (production of biomolecules or anabolism) is greater than the overall rate of cellular degradation (the destruction of biomolecules via the proteasome, lysosome or autophagy, or catabolism). Cell growth is not to be confused with cell division or the cell cycle, which are distinct processes that can occur alongside cell growth during the process of cell proliferation, where a cell, known as the mother cell, grows and divides to produce two daughter cells.
Criblage à haut débitthumb|Machine de criblage à haut débit en Allemagne Le criblage à haut débit (high-throughput screening, HTS) désigne dans le domaine de la pharmacologie, de la biochimie, de la génomique et de la protéomique, les techniques visant à étudier et à identifier dans les chimiothèques et ciblothèques, des molécules aux propriétés nouvelles, biologiquement actives. L’expression haut débit évoque ici l’utilisation de la robotique, de l’informatique et de la bio-informatique pour accélérer la phase de test des molécules, protéines, catalyseurs, etc.
Hormonal therapy (oncology)Hormonal therapy in oncology is hormone therapy for cancer and is one of the major modalities of medical oncology (pharmacotherapy for cancer), others being cytotoxic chemotherapy and targeted therapy (biotherapeutics). It involves the manipulation of the endocrine system through exogenous or external administration of specific hormones, particularly steroid hormones, or drugs which inhibit the production or activity of such hormones (hormone antagonists).
Division cellulairethumb|upright=1.2| Schémas des différents types de divisions cellulaires. La division cellulaire est le mode de multiplication de toute cellule. Elle lui permet de se diviser en plusieurs cellules (deux le plus souvent). C'est donc un processus fondamental dans le monde vivant, puisqu'il est nécessaire à la régénération de tout organisme. Chez les Eucaryotes — caractérisés principalement par des cellules qui possèdent un noyau — il y a deux types de division cellulaire : La mitose qui n'autorise qu'une multiplication asexuée; elle permet la régénération d'un organe, et aussi la croissance.
Immunité cellulaireCell-mediated immunity or cellular immunity is an immune response that does not involve antibodies. Rather, cell-mediated immunity is the activation of phagocytes, antigen-specific cytotoxic T-lymphocytes, and the release of various cytokines in response to an antigen. In the late 19th century Hippocratic tradition medicine system, the immune system was imagined into two branches: humoral immunity, for which the protective function of immunization could be found in the humor (cell-free bodily fluid or serum) and cellular immunity, for which the protective function of immunization was associated with cells.
Cellule cancéreuseUne cellule cancéreuse est une cellule anormale ayant acquis des caractères spécifiques à l'origine d'un cancer. Les cellules cancéreuses se distinguent selon le type de cellules dont elles descendent. Cellule présentant des anomalies au niveau de fragments chromosomiques ou de chromosomes entiers causant ainsi une perturbation de son cycle et une instabilité génétique. Qualifiée de siège de lésions génétiques, la cellule cancéreuse ne cesse de se diviser et refuse la coopération avec toute autre cellule normale.
Estrogen insensitivity syndromeEstrogen insensitivity syndrome (EIS), or estrogen resistance, is a form of congenital estrogen deficiency or hypoestrogenism which is caused by a defective estrogen receptor (ER) – specifically, the estrogen receptor alpha (ERα) – that results in an inability of estrogen to mediate its biological effects in the body. Congenital estrogen deficiency can alternatively be caused by a defect in aromatase, the enzyme responsible for the biosynthesis of estrogens, a condition which is referred to as aromatase deficiency and is similar in symptomatology to EIS.
