Crumple zoneCrumple zones, crush zones, or crash zones are a structural safety feature used in vehicles, mainly in automobiles, to increase the time over which a change in velocity (and consequently momentum) occurs from the impact during a collision by a controlled deformation; in recent years, it is also incorporated into trains and railcars. Crumple zones are designed to increase the time over which the total force from the change in momentum is applied to an occupant, as the average force applied to the occupants is inversely related to the time over which it is applied.
Apaisement de la circulationL'apaisement de la circulation est le ralentissement ou la réduction du trafic automobile officiellement mis en place pour améliorer la sécurité des piétons et des cyclistes et améliorer l'environnement pour les résidents. Les urbanistes et les ingénieurs de la circulation ont de nombreuses stratégies pour ralentir la circulation. Ces mesures sont courantes en Australie et en Europe (surtout en Europe du Nord), mais moins en Amérique du Nord. L'apaisement de la circulation peut inclure les mesures techniques suivantes : Voies de circulation plus étroites.
Errors-in-variables modelsIn statistics, errors-in-variables models or measurement error models are regression models that account for measurement errors in the independent variables. In contrast, standard regression models assume that those regressors have been measured exactly, or observed without error; as such, those models account only for errors in the dependent variables, or responses. In the case when some regressors have been measured with errors, estimation based on the standard assumption leads to inconsistent estimates, meaning that the parameter estimates do not tend to the true values even in very large samples.
Erreur typeLerreur type d'une statistique (souvent une estimation d'un paramètre) est l'écart type de sa distribution d'échantillonnage ou l'estimation de son écart type. Si le paramètre ou la statistique est la moyenne, on parle d'erreur type de la moyenne. La distribution d'échantillonnage est générée par tirage répété et enregistrements des moyennes obtenues. Cela forme une distribution de moyennes différentes, et cette distribution a sa propre moyenne et variance.
Design matrixIn statistics and in particular in regression analysis, a design matrix, also known as model matrix or regressor matrix and often denoted by X, is a matrix of values of explanatory variables of a set of objects. Each row represents an individual object, with the successive columns corresponding to the variables and their specific values for that object. The design matrix is used in certain statistical models, e.g., the general linear model.
Panneau de signalisation routièrethumb|Panneau (États-Unis) signalant le passage d'enfants et indiquant une limitation de vitesse thumb|Panneau de signalisation bilingue indiquant l'entrée d'une agglomération en Italie. thumb|Panneau (Débuts de la signalisation routière) : les panneaux du Touring club de France en 1904. Les panneaux de signalisation routière sont des éléments de la signalisation routière. Ils désignent à la fois le dispositif sur lequel est implanté un signal routier et le signal proprement dit.
Feu de circulationvignette|Les trois états d'un feu tricolore. vignette|Un feu destiné aux piétons en Italie. Un feu de circulation routière, aussi appelé feu tricolore est un dispositif permettant la régulation du trafic routier entre les usagers de la route, les véhicules et les piétons. Les feux destinés aux véhicules à moteurs sont généralement de type tricolores choisis pour leur conspicuité – leur remarquabilité – auxquels peuvent s'ajouter des flèches directionnelles.
Qualité de l'ajustementThe goodness of fit of a statistical model describes how well it fits a set of observations. Measures of goodness of fit typically summarize the discrepancy between observed values and the values expected under the model in question. Such measures can be used in statistical hypothesis testing, e.g. to test for normality of residuals, to test whether two samples are drawn from identical distributions (see Kolmogorov–Smirnov test), or whether outcome frequencies follow a specified distribution (see Pearson's chi-square test).
Highway engineeringHighway engineering (also known as roadway engineering and street engineering) is a professional engineering discipline branching from the civil engineering subdiscipline of transportation engineering that involves the planning, design, construction, operation, and maintenance of roads, highways, streets, bridges, and tunnels to ensure safe and effective transportation of people and goods. Highway engineering became prominent towards the latter half of the 20th century after World War II.
Uncertainty quantificationUncertainty quantification (UQ) is the science of quantitative characterization and estimation of uncertainties in both computational and real world applications. It tries to determine how likely certain outcomes are if some aspects of the system are not exactly known. An example would be to predict the acceleration of a human body in a head-on crash with another car: even if the speed was exactly known, small differences in the manufacturing of individual cars, how tightly every bolt has been tightened, etc.
