Syndrome d'apnées du sommeilLe syndrome d'apnées du sommeil (« SAS ») ou plus précisément syndrome d'apnées-hypopnées du sommeil (« SAHS ») est un trouble du sommeil caractérisé par un arrêt du flux respiratoire (apnée) ou une diminution de ce flux (hypopnée). Ses causes sont diverses mais peuvent être classées en deux catégories : dans 90 % des cas elles sont obstructives et le résultat d'une obésité. On parlera alors plus précisément de « syndrome d'apnées obstructives du sommeil » (« SAOS »).
Obstructive sleep apneaObstructive sleep apnea (OSA) is the most common sleep-related breathing disorder and is characterized by recurrent episodes of complete or partial obstruction of the upper airway leading to reduced or absent breathing during sleep. These episodes are termed "apneas" with complete or near-complete cessation of breathing, or "hypopneas" when the reduction in breathing is partial. In either case, a fall in blood oxygen saturation, a disruption in sleep, or both, may result.
Trouble du sommeilUn trouble du sommeil (somnipathie) est un trouble médical pouvant avoir des causes physiologiques, environnementales ou comportementales (lié aux habitudes du sommeil d'un individu). En 2015, environ un adulte américain sur trois déclarait un trouble de sommeil. Certains troubles du sommeil sont suffisamment sérieux pour interférer au fonctionnement physique, mental et émotionnel. Un test communément utilisé pour quantifier les troubles du sommeil est la polysomnographie.
Sleep medicineSleep medicine is a medical specialty or subspecialty devoted to the diagnosis and therapy of sleep disturbances and disorders. From the middle of the 20th century, research has provided increasing knowledge of, and answered many questions about, sleep–wake functioning. The rapidly evolving field has become a recognized medical subspecialty in some countries. Dental sleep medicine also qualifies for board certification in some countries. Properly organized, minimum 12-month, postgraduate training programs are still being defined in the United States.
Sommeilvignette|250px|Deux hommes endormis sur un banc. Le sommeil est un état récurrent de baisse de conscience (sans perte de la réception sensitive) du monde extérieur, accompagnée d'une diminution progressive du tonus musculaire, survenant à intervalles réguliers. L'alternance veille-sommeil correspond à l'un des cycles fondamentaux chez les animaux appartenant au rythme circadien. Chez l'être humain, le sommeil occupe près d'un tiers de la vie en moyenne.
Sleep and breathingWhen we sleep, our breathing changes due to normal biological processes that affect both our respiratory and muscular systems. Breathing changes as we transition from wakefulness to sleep. These changes arise due to biological changes in the processes that regulate our breathing. When we fall asleep, minute ventilation (the amount of air that we breathe per minute) reduces due to decreased metabolism. During NREM sleep, we move through three sleep stages, with each progressively deeper than the last.
Sleep studyA sleep study is a test that records the activity of the body during sleep. There are five main types of sleep studies that use different methods to test for different sleep characteristics and disorders. These include simple sleep studies, polysomnography, multiple sleep latency tests (MSLTs), maintenance of wakefulness tests (MWTs), and home sleep tests (HSTs). In medicine, sleep studies have been useful in identifying and ruling out various sleep disorders.
Neurobiologie du sommeilThe neuroscience of sleep is the study of the neuroscientific and physiological basis of the nature of sleep and its functions. Traditionally, sleep has been studied as part of psychology and medicine. The study of sleep from a neuroscience perspective grew to prominence with advances in technology and the proliferation of neuroscience research from the second half of the twentieth century. The importance of sleep is demonstrated by the fact that organisms daily spend hours of their time in sleep, and that sleep deprivation can have disastrous effects ultimately leading to death in animals.
Agrypnie (médecine)L'agrypnie est une perte totale prolongée du sommeil, soit au cours de diverses maladies rares dont elle constitue alors un symptôme, soit provoquée volontairement. L'agrypnie peut être provoquée à titre expérimental, pour étudier les effets de la privation de sommeil. La plus longue agrypnie provoquée prouvée par enregistrement électroencéphalographique est de 264 heures (11 jours) (à comparer aux ~2800 h (> 116 jours) d'insomnie quasi totale observée dans des cas pathologiques).
HypersomnolenceExcessive daytime sleepiness (EDS) is characterized by persistent sleepiness and often a general lack of energy, even during the day after apparently adequate or even prolonged nighttime sleep. EDS can be considered as a broad condition encompassing several sleep disorders where increased sleep is a symptom, or as a symptom of another underlying disorder like narcolepsy, circadian rhythm sleep disorder, sleep apnea or idiopathic hypersomnia.
