Deep foundationA deep foundation is a type of foundation that transfers building loads to the earth farther down from the surface than a shallow foundation does to a subsurface layer or a range of depths. A pile or piling is a vertical structural element of a deep foundation, driven or drilled deep into the ground at the building site. There are many reasons that a geotechnical engineer would recommend a deep foundation over a shallow foundation, such as for a skyscraper.
Fondation superficielleLes fondations superficielles sont un type de fondation utilisé lors d'une construction sur un terrain stable et qui, contrairement aux fondations profondes et semi-profondes, ne s'enfonce que légèrement dans le sol. Elles prennent le plus souvent la forme de plots de fondation ou d'une semelle. Il s'agit du type de fondation la plus utilisée pour la construction d'habitations. La profondeur des fondations superficielles n'excède pas , dans le cas opposé, on parle de puits ou de pieux.
Structural integrity and failureStructural integrity and failure is an aspect of engineering that deals with the ability of a structure to support a designed structural load (weight, force, etc.) without breaking and includes the study of past structural failures in order to prevent failures in future designs. Structural integrity is the ability of an item—either a structural component or a structure consisting of many components—to hold together under a load, including its own weight, without breaking or deforming excessively.
Couche de formeLa couche de forme est une couche particulière de la chaussée située entre la Partie Supérieure du Terrassement (PST) et la couche d'assise. Elle permet notamment d'adapter les caractéristiques aléatoires et dispersées des matériaux qui constituent la PST (en remblai ou en du terrain en place) aux caractéristiques mécaniques, géométriques, hydrauliques et thermiques prises comme hypothèses dans la conception de la structure de chaussée.
Subbase (pavement)In highway engineering, subbase is the layer of aggregate material laid on the subgrade, on which the base course layer is located. It may be omitted when there will be only foot traffic on the pavement, but it is necessary for surfaces used by vehicles. Subbase is often the main load-bearing layer of the pavement. Its role is to spread the load evenly over the subgrade. The materials used may be either unbound granular, or cement-bound.
Capacité portantevignette|Mesure de portance d'un sol, essai à la dynaplaque Maxidyn. La capacité portante d'un sol se caractérise par sa résistance au tassement en fonction de la cohésion et des frottements internes. La contrainte admissible se mesure en (ou anciennement en kgf/cm ou en bar). C'est une pression et le kN/m est aussi un kilopascal (kPa). La capacité portante d'un sol est une performance technique spécifique qu'il est indispensable de connaître pour établir le système de fondation d'un ouvrage.
Base courseThe base course or basecourse in pavements is a layer of material in an asphalt roadway, race track, riding arena, or sporting field. It is located under the surface layer consisting of the wearing course and sometimes an extra binder course. If there is a sub-base course, the base course is constructed directly above this layer. Otherwise, it is built directly on top of the subgrade. Typical base course thickness ranges from and is governed by underlying layer properties.
Wearing courseThe wearing course, also known as a friction course or surface course, is the upper layer in roadway, airfield, and dockyard construction. The term 'surface course' is sometimes used slightly different, to describe very thin surface layers such as chip seal. In rigid pavements the upper layer is a portland cement concrete slab. In flexible pavements, the upper layer consists of asphalt concrete, that is a construction aggregate with a bituminous binder.
Highway engineeringHighway engineering (also known as roadway engineering and street engineering) is a professional engineering discipline branching from the civil engineering subdiscipline of transportation engineering that involves the planning, design, construction, operation, and maintenance of roads, highways, streets, bridges, and tunnels to ensure safe and effective transportation of people and goods. Highway engineering became prominent towards the latter half of the 20th century after World War II.
Piste (voirie)Une piste est un type de voirie destinée à la circulation piétonne ou de véhicules, qui présente un aspect minéral, sans être revêtue (par exemple par un enrobé). La piste aura des propriétés diverses selon le terrain qui la supporte. Elle peut apparaître par exemple sous forme de piste de graviers ou de latérite. Les appellations locales varient, en anglais, en espagnol. Contrairement aux voies revêtues, la traficabilité de telles voies peut fortement dépendre de la météo.
