Virus de l'immunodéficience humaineLe virus de l'immunodéficience humaine (VIH-1 ou simplement VIH dans le langage courant ; en anglais, human immunodeficiency viruses-1 ou HIV-1) est une espèce de rétrovirus infectant l'humain et responsable du syndrome d'immunodéficience acquise (sida), qui est un état affaibli du système immunitaire le rendant vulnérable à de multiples infections opportunistes.
Permutation testA permutation test (also called re-randomization test) is an exact statistical hypothesis test making use of the proof by contradiction. A permutation test involves two or more samples. The null hypothesis is that all samples come from the same distribution . Under the null hypothesis, the distribution of the test statistic is obtained by calculating all possible values of the test statistic under possible rearrangements of the observed data. Permutation tests are, therefore, a form of resampling.
Robust regressionIn robust statistics, robust regression seeks to overcome some limitations of traditional regression analysis. A regression analysis models the relationship between one or more independent variables and a dependent variable. Standard types of regression, such as ordinary least squares, have favourable properties if their underlying assumptions are true, but can give misleading results otherwise (i.e. are not robust to assumption violations).
AntirétroviralUn antirétroviral (ARV) est une classe de médicaments utilisés pour le traitement des infections liées aux rétrovirus. La difficulté rencontrée dans l'élaboration de ces composés est du même type que celle rencontrée pour les molécules anti-cancéreuses : la spécificité. En effet, les rétrovirus ne possèdent que très peu de molécules qui leur soient propres. Ils parasitent la machinerie cellulaire et la détournent. Bloquer la machinerie de transcription des cellules saines pour bloquer celle du rétrovirus revient à tuer ces cellules saines.
Spectrum disorderA spectrum disorder is a mental disorder that includes a range of linked conditions, sometimes also extending to include singular symptoms and traits. The different elements of a spectrum either have a similar appearance or are thought to be caused by the same underlying mechanism. In either case, a spectrum approach is taken because there appears to be "not a unitary disorder but rather a syndrome composed of subgroups". The spectrum may represent a range of severity, comprising relatively "severe" mental disorders through to relatively "mild and nonclinical deficits".
Manuel diagnostique et statistique des troubles mentauxLe Manuel diagnostique et statistique des troubles mentaux (également désigné par le sigle DSM, abréviation de l'Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders) est un ouvrage de référence publié par l'Association américaine de psychiatrie (American Psychiatric Association ou APA) décrivant et classifiant les troubles mentaux. Le manuel évolue initialement à partir des statistiques collectées depuis des hôpitaux psychiatriques et depuis un manuel diffusé par l'armée de terre des États-Unis.
False positive rateIn statistics, when performing multiple comparisons, a false positive ratio (also known as fall-out or false alarm ratio) is the probability of falsely rejecting the null hypothesis for a particular test. The false positive rate is calculated as the ratio between the number of negative events wrongly categorized as positive (false positives) and the total number of actual negative events (regardless of classification). The false positive rate (or "false alarm rate") usually refers to the expectancy of the false positive ratio.
Régression polynomialePolyreg scheffe.svg thumb|Régression sur un nuage de points par un polynôme de degré croissant. La régression polynomiale est une analyse statistique qui décrit la variation d'une variable aléatoire expliquée à partir d'une fonction polynomiale d'une variable aléatoire explicative. C'est un cas particulier de régression linéaire multiple, où les observations sont construites à partir des puissances d'une seule variable.
False discovery rateIn statistics, the false discovery rate (FDR) is a method of conceptualizing the rate of type I errors in null hypothesis testing when conducting multiple comparisons. FDR-controlling procedures are designed to control the FDR, which is the expected proportion of "discoveries" (rejected null hypotheses) that are false (incorrect rejections of the null). Equivalently, the FDR is the expected ratio of the number of false positive classifications (false discoveries) to the total number of positive classifications (rejections of the null).
Multinomial logistic regressionIn statistics, multinomial logistic regression is a classification method that generalizes logistic regression to multiclass problems, i.e. with more than two possible discrete outcomes. That is, it is a model that is used to predict the probabilities of the different possible outcomes of a categorically distributed dependent variable, given a set of independent variables (which may be real-valued, binary-valued, categorical-valued, etc.).