Acide fluorhydriqueL’acide fluorhydrique est une solution aqueuse très corrosive et toxique de fluorure d'hydrogène. Le fluorure d'hydrogène pur est souvent appelé acide fluorhydrique anhydre. L'acide fluorhydrique est un acide faible en solution aqueuse diluée. En effet, bien que l'acide se dissocie totalement en solution aqueuse, c'est-à-dire qu'il y a formation d'ions H3O+ et F−, les ions fluor sont tellement électronégatifs qu'ils vont se lier très fortement aux ions hydronium (H3O+) formés, les rendant par le fait même inactifs, car très stables, HF + H3O+•••F− où les deux espèces résultantes (produits) sont fortement liées par une liaison ionique entre l'ion fluorure très électronégatif et l'ion hydronium.
Acid strengthAcid strength is the tendency of an acid, symbolised by the chemical formula HA, to dissociate into a proton, H+, and an anion, A-. The dissociation of a strong acid in solution is effectively complete, except in its most concentrated solutions. HA -> H+ + A- Examples of strong acids are hydrochloric acid (HCl), perchloric acid (HClO4), nitric acid (HNO3) and sulfuric acid (H2SO4). A weak acid is only partially dissociated, with both the undissociated acid and its dissociation products being present, in solution, in equilibrium with each other.
Acide chromiqueL'acide chromique est un diacide. C'est un oxacide de formule H2CrO4. Par la perte de deux protons (H+), il forme l'ion chromate. En industrie et santé, la dénomination « acide chromique » est parfois également utilisée pour le trioxyde de chrome (CrO3) ou « anhydride chromique ». En pharmacie, le terme désigne une solution aqueuse à usage externe de trioxyde de chrome dénommée à tort « soluté officinal d'acide chromique », en application locale par tamponnement nasal, dilué au tiers, pour cautériser les épistaxis (saignements de nez).
DepolarizerA depolarizer or depolariser, in electrochemistry, according to an IUPAC definition, is a synonym of electroactive substance, i.e., a substance which changes its oxidation state, or partakes in a formation or breaking of chemical bonds, in a charge-transfer step of an electrochemical reaction. In the battery industry, the term "depolarizer" has been used to denote a substance used in a primary cell to prevent buildup of hydrogen gas bubbles. A battery depolarizer takes up electrons during discharge of the cell; therefore, it is always an oxidizing agent.
Extractive metallurgyExtractive metallurgy is a branch of metallurgical engineering wherein process and methods of extraction of metals from their natural mineral deposits are studied. The field is a materials science, covering all aspects of the types of ore, washing, concentration, separation, chemical processes and extraction of pure metal and their alloying to suit various applications, sometimes for direct use as a finished product, but more often in a form that requires further working to achieve the given properties to suit the applications.
FerrousIn chemistry, the adjective ferrous indicates a compound that contains iron(II), meaning iron in its +2 oxidation state, possibly as the divalent cation Fe2+. It is opposed to ferric, or iron(III), meaning iron in its +3 oxidation state, such as the trivalent cation Fe3+. This usage has been largely replaced by the IUPAC nomenclature, which calls for the oxidation state being indicated by Roman numerals in parentheses, such as iron(II) oxide for ferrous oxide (FeO), iron(III) oxide for ferric oxide (Fe2O3), and iron(II,III) oxide for the oxide that contains both forms of iron.
