Stem-cell lineA stem cell line is a group of stem cells that is cultured in vitro and can be propagated indefinitely. Stem cell lines are derived from either animal or human tissues and come from one of three sources: embryonic stem cells, adult stem cells, or induced stem cells. They are commonly used in research and regenerative medicine. Stem cell By definition, stem cells possess two properties: (1) they can self-renew, which means that they can divide indefinitely while remaining in an undifferentiated state; and (2) they are pluripotent or multipotent, which means that they can differentiate to form specialized cell types.
Différenciation dirigéeLa différenciation dirigée est une méthode de bio-ingénierie, à la jonction de la biologie développementale et de l'ingénierie tissulaire. Elle exploite le potentiel des cellules souches, en particulier les cellules souches pluripotentes - cellules souches embryonnaires et des cellules souches pluripotentes induites (iPS) - en forçant leur différenciation in vitro vers un type cellulaire spécifique ou un tissu d’intérêt . Les cellules souches pluripotentes ont la capacité de se différencier en n’importe quel type cellulaire, comme les neurones, les cardiomyocytes ou les hépatocytes.
Extramedullary hematopoiesisExtramedullary hematopoiesis (EMH or sometimes EH) refers to hematopoiesis occurring outside of the medulla of the bone (bone marrow). It can be physiologic or pathologic. Physiologic EMH occurs during embryonic and fetal development; during this time the main site of fetal hematopoiesis are liver and the spleen. Pathologic EMH can occur during adulthood when physiologic hematopoiesis can't work properly in the bone marrow and the hematopoietic stem cells (HSC) have to migrate to other tissues in order to continue with the formation of blood cellular components.
Embryoid bodyEmbryoid bodies (EBs) are three-dimensional aggregates of pluripotent stem cells. EBs are differentiation of human embryonic stem cells into embryoid bodies comprising the three embryonic germ layers. The pluripotent cell types that comprise embryoid bodies include embryonic stem cells (ESCs) derived from the blastocyst stage of embryos from mouse (mESC), primate, and human (hESC) sources. Additionally, EBs can be formed from embryonic stem cells derived through alternative techniques, including somatic cell nuclear transfer or the reprogramming of somatic cells to yield induced pluripotent stem cells (iPS).
Stem cell controversyThe stem cell controversy is the consideration of the ethics of research involving the development and use of human embryos. Most commonly, this controversy focuses on embryonic stem cells. Not all stem cell research involves human embryos. For example, adult stem cells, amniotic stem cells, and induced pluripotent stem cells do not involve creating, using, or destroying human embryos, and thus are minimally, if at all, controversial.
Gène homéotiquevignette|Un exemple de mutation homéotique : une drosophile Antennapedia Un gène homéotique, appelé aussi homéogène, est un gène qui détermine le plan d'organisation d'un être vivant, c’est-à-dire la place des organes les uns par rapport aux autres, et selon les axes de polarité (axe antéro-postérieur ; axe dorso-ventral). La découverte des gènes homéotiques s'est faite à partir de l'étude de certaines mutations dites homéotiques ou homéose.
Boîte homéotiquethumb|upright=1.3|Figure 1: Représentation d'une boîte homéotique sur une séquence d'ADN thumb|upright=1.3|Figure 2 : Homéodomaine du gène Antennapedia de Drosophila melanogaster lié à un fragment d’ADN, illustrant les interactions de l’hélice de reconnaissance (hélice 3) et de l’extrémité N-terminal avec le sillon majeur et mineur de la double hélice d’ADN Une boîte homéotique (appelée aussi homéoboîte, homeobox en anglais) est une séquence d'ADN qu'on retrouve dans certains gènes essentiels au développement embryonnaire, la morphogenèse, des animaux, des champignons et des plantes.
Amniotic stem cellsAmniotic stem cells are the mixture of stem cells that can be obtained from the amniotic fluid as well as the amniotic membrane. They can develop into various tissue types including skin, cartilage, cardiac tissue, nerves, muscle, and bone. The cells also have potential medical applications, especially in organ regeneration. The stem cells are usually extracted from the amniotic sac by amniocentesis which occurs without harming the embryos.
LeucopoïèseLa leucopoïèse (appelée parfois leucocytopoïèse), est la fabrication des leucocytes ou globules blancs. Les deux principales formes de leucopoïèse sont la lymphopoïèse (fabrication des lymphocytes) et la myélopoïèse (fabrication des globules rouges, de plaquettes sanguines, des monocytes et des granulocytes). La leucopoïèse fait partie de l'Hématopoïèse. Chaque type de leucocyte a des mécanismes et une durée de fabrication qui lui sont propres. La granulopoïèse, qui concerne les granulocytes ou polynucléaires, dure environ 10 jours.
Cell potencyCell potency is a cell's ability to differentiate into other cell types. The more cell types a cell can differentiate into, the greater its potency. Potency is also described as the gene activation potential within a cell, which like a continuum, begins with totipotency to designate a cell with the most differentiation potential, pluripotency, multipotency, oligopotency, and finally unipotency. Totipotency (Lat. totipotentia, "ability for all [things]") is the ability of a single cell to divide and produce all of the differentiated cells in an organism.
