Growth hormone therapyGrowth hormone therapy refers to the use of growth hormone (GH) as a prescription medication—it is one form of hormone therapy. Growth hormone is a peptide hormone secreted by the pituitary gland that stimulates growth and cell reproduction. In the past, growth hormone was extracted from human pituitary glands. Growth hormone is now produced by recombinant DNA technology and is prescribed for a variety of reasons. GH therapy has been a focus of social and ethical controversies for 50 years.
Phases of clinical researchThe phases of clinical research are the stages in which scientists conduct experiments with a health intervention to obtain sufficient evidence for a process considered effective as a medical treatment. For drug development, the clinical phases start with testing for drug safety in a few human subjects, then expand to many study participants (potentially tens of thousands) to determine if the treatment is effective. Clinical research is conducted on drug candidates, vaccine candidates, new medical devices, and new diagnostic assays.
Serre spectral sequenceIn mathematics, the Serre spectral sequence (sometimes Leray–Serre spectral sequence to acknowledge earlier work of Jean Leray in the Leray spectral sequence) is an important tool in algebraic topology. It expresses, in the language of homological algebra, the singular (co)homology of the total space X of a (Serre) fibration in terms of the (co)homology of the base space B and the fiber F. The result is due to Jean-Pierre Serre in his doctoral dissertation. Let be a Serre fibration of topological spaces, and let F be the (path-connected) fiber.
Cascade ischémiqueLa cascade ischémique désigne une série de réactions biochimiques déclenchées dans le cerveau après plusieurs secondes à quelques minutes d'ischémie cérébrale ou d'irrigation sanguine insuffisante. La plupart des neurones ischémiés meurent par l'action de métabolites produits pendant, mais aussi après l'épisode ischémique. Cette cascade ischémique se poursuit durant une à deux heures, mais elle peut se prolonger pendant des jours, même après le rétablissement de la circulation sanguine.
Ischemia-reperfusion injury of the appendicular musculoskeletal systemIschemia-reperfusion (IR) tissue injury is the resultant pathology from a combination of factors, including tissue hypoxia, followed by tissue damage associated with re-oxygenation. IR injury contributes to disease and mortality in a variety of pathologies, including myocardial infarction, ischemic stroke, acute kidney injury, trauma, circulatory arrest, sickle cell disease and sleep apnea. Whether resulting from traumatic vessel disruption, tourniquet application, or shock, the extremity is exposed to an enormous flux in vascular perfusion during a critical period of tissue repair and regeneration.
Releasing and inhibiting hormonesReleasing hormones and inhibiting hormones are hormones whose main purpose is to control the release of other hormones, either by stimulating or inhibiting their release. They are also called liberins (ˈlɪbərᵻnz) and statins (ˈstætᵻnz) (respectively), or releasing factors and inhibiting factors. The principal examples are hypothalamic-pituitary hormones that can be classified from several viewpoints: they are hypothalamic hormones (originating in the hypothalamus), they are hypophysiotropic hormones (affecting the hypophysis, that is, the pituitary gland), and they are tropic hormones (having other endocrine glands as their target).
Hypothermie thérapeutiqueL'hypothermie thérapeutique est une technique de traitement consistant à refroidir un patient inconscient à une température corporelle basse et durant un temps déterminé et prolongé. Il ne faut pas la confondre avec les différentes techniques de cryothérapie où l'exposition au froid est brève et n'entraîne pas de diminution de la température centrale du patient. La première publication sur cette technique date de la fin des années 1950. Elle permet le ralentissement du métabolisme et serait protectrice vis-à-vis des différents tissus.
BévacizumabLe bévacizumab est le premier anticorps monoclonal dirigé contre le facteur de croissance de l’endothélium vasculaire (en Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor ou VEGF). Il a été développé par le laboratoire de Napoleone Ferrara au sein de Genentech. C'est un inhibiteur de l'angiogenèse, qui ralentit la croissance de nouveaux vaisseaux sanguins. Il est commercialisé sous le nom d'Avastin par les laboratoires Roche, dans le traitement contre certains cancers en 2004 : le cancer colorectal, les cancers du poumon, du sein, du rein et de l'ovaire et le glioblastome.
