Molécule d'eauLa molécule d’eau, de formule , est le constituant essentiel de l’eau pure. Celle-ci contient également des ions résultant de l’autoprotolyse de l’eau selon l’équation d'équilibre : H + OH (ou 2 HO + OH). L’eau pure n’est pas présente dans la nature et doit être obtenue par des processus physiques. Cette molécule a des propriétés complexes à cause de sa polarisation (voir la section Nature dipolaire). L’eau à pression ambiante (environ un bar) est gazeuse au-dessus de , solide en dessous de et liquide entre les deux.
Chemical propertyA chemical property is any of a material's properties that becomes evident during, or after, a chemical reaction; that is, any quality that can be established only by changing a substance's chemical identity. Simply speaking, chemical properties cannot be determined just by viewing or touching the substance; the substance's internal structure must be affected greatly for its chemical properties to be investigated. When a substance goes under a chemical reaction, the properties will change drastically, resulting in chemical change.
Linear predictionLinear prediction is a mathematical operation where future values of a discrete-time signal are estimated as a linear function of previous samples. In digital signal processing, linear prediction is often called linear predictive coding (LPC) and can thus be viewed as a subset of filter theory. In system analysis, a subfield of mathematics, linear prediction can be viewed as a part of mathematical modelling or optimization. The most common representation is where is the predicted signal value, the previous observed values, with , and the predictor coefficients.
