Carte d'identitéUne carte d'identité, parfois dénommée carte nationale d'identité, carte d'identité nationale ou carte d'identification selon le pays, est un document officiel qui permet à une personne physique de prouver son identité. Fin 2018, on estimait que près de d'humains sur la planète (soit une personne sur sept) ne disposaient pas encore de papiers d'identité officiels, ce qui rend les accords écrits, votes, achats en ligne, abonnements téléphoniques et accès aux services publics beaucoup plus difficiles.
De novo synthesisIn chemistry, de novo synthesis () refers to the synthesis of complex molecules from simple molecules such as sugars or amino acids, as opposed to recycling after partial degradation. For example, nucleotides are not needed in the diet as they can be constructed from small precursor molecules such as formate and aspartate. Methionine, on the other hand, is needed in the diet because while it can be degraded to and then regenerated from homocysteine, it cannot be synthesized de novo.
Topological data analysisIn applied mathematics, topological data analysis (TDA) is an approach to the analysis of datasets using techniques from topology. Extraction of information from datasets that are high-dimensional, incomplete and noisy is generally challenging. TDA provides a general framework to analyze such data in a manner that is insensitive to the particular metric chosen and provides dimensionality reduction and robustness to noise. Beyond this, it inherits functoriality, a fundamental concept of modern mathematics, from its topological nature, which allows it to adapt to new mathematical tools.
