Forensic materials engineeringForensic materials engineering, a branch of forensic engineering, focuses on the material evidence from crime or accident scenes, seeking defects in those materials which might explain why an accident occurred, or the source of a specific material to identify a criminal. Many analytical methods used for material identification may be used in investigations, the exact set being determined by the nature of the material in question, be it metal, glass, ceramic, polymer or composite.
Évaluation sommativeLes concepts d’évaluation sommative et formative ont été apportés par Michael Scriven en 1967. Selon Scriven, une évaluation formative devait permettre à un établissement scolaire d’estimer la capacité de ses programmes scolaires à atteindre leurs objectifs, de façon à guider les choix de l’école pour les améliorer progressivement, au contraire d’une évaluation sommative qui cherche à poser un jugement final sur les programmes : « marchent-ils » ou pas ? Et en conséquence, faut-il les maintenir, les étendre ou les abandonner ? Pour Scriven, toutes les techniques d’évaluation peuvent être sommatives, mais seules certaines sont formatives.
Glass coloring and color markingGlass coloring and color marking may be obtained in several ways. by the addition of coloring ions, by precipitation of nanometer-sized colloids (so-called striking glasses such as "gold ruby" or red "selenium ruby"), by colored inclusions (as in milk glass and smoked glass) by light scattering (as in phase separated glass) by dichroic coatings (see dichroic glass), or by colored coatings Ordinary soda-lime glass appears colorless to the naked eye when it is thin, although iron oxide impurities produce a green tint which can be viewed in thick pieces or with the aid of scientific instruments.
