Humid continental climateA humid continental climate is a climatic region defined by Russo-German climatologist Wladimir Köppen in 1900, typified by four distinct seasons and large seasonal temperature differences, with warm to hot (and often humid) summers and cold (sometimes severely cold in the northern areas) winters. Precipitation is usually distributed throughout the year but often does have dry seasons. The definition of this climate regarding temperature is as follows: the mean temperature of the coldest month must be below or depending on the isotherm, and there must be at least four months whose mean temperatures are at or above .
ParameterA parameter (), generally, is any characteristic that can help in defining or classifying a particular system (meaning an event, project, object, situation, etc.). That is, a parameter is an element of a system that is useful, or critical, when identifying the system, or when evaluating its performance, status, condition, etc. Parameter has more specific meanings within various disciplines, including mathematics, computer programming, engineering, statistics, logic, linguistics, and electronic musical composition.
Cross ventilationCross ventilation is a natural phenomena where wind, fresh air or a breeze enters upon an opening, such as a window, and flows directly through the space and exits through an opening on the opposite side of the building (where the air pressure is lower). This produces a cool stream of air and as well as a current across the room from the exposed area to the sheltered area. Other terms used for the effect include, cross-breeze, cross-draft, wind effect ventilation and cross-flow ventilation.
Principe d'entropie maximaleLe principe d'entropie maximale consiste, lorsqu'on veut représenter une connaissance imparfaite d'un phénomène par une loi de probabilité, à : identifier les contraintes auxquelles cette distribution doit répondre (moyenne, etc) ; choisir de toutes les distributions répondant à ces contraintes celle ayant la plus grande entropie au sens de Shannon. De toutes ces distributions, c'est en effet celle d'entropie maximale qui contient le moins d'information, et elle est donc pour cette raison la moins arbitraire de toutes celles que l'on pourrait utiliser.
Entropy estimationIn various science/engineering applications, such as independent component analysis, , genetic analysis, speech recognition, manifold learning, and time delay estimation it is useful to estimate the differential entropy of a system or process, given some observations. The simplest and most common approach uses histogram-based estimation, but other approaches have been developed and used, each with its own benefits and drawbacks.
Loi uniforme discrèteEn théorie des probabilités, une loi discrète uniforme est une loi de probabilité discrète pour laquelle la probabilité de réalisation est identique (équiprobabilité) pour chaque modalité d’un ensemble fini de modalités possibles. C'est le cas par exemple de la loi de la variable aléatoire donnant le résultat du lancer d'une pièce équilibrée, avec deux modalités équiprobables : Pile, et Face. C'est aussi le cas de celle donnant le résultat du jet d'un dé équilibré.
Atmospheric modelIn atmospheric science, an atmospheric model is a mathematical model constructed around the full set of primitive, dynamical equations which govern atmospheric motions. It can supplement these equations with parameterizations for turbulent diffusion, radiation, moist processes (clouds and precipitation), heat exchange, soil, vegetation, surface water, the kinematic effects of terrain, and convection. Most atmospheric models are numerical, i.e. they discretize equations of motion.
Statistical parameterIn statistics, as opposed to its general use in mathematics, a parameter is any measured quantity of a statistical population that summarises or describes an aspect of the population, such as a mean or a standard deviation. If a population exactly follows a known and defined distribution, for example the normal distribution, then a small set of parameters can be measured which completely describes the population, and can be considered to define a probability distribution for the purposes of extracting samples from this population.
Climat semi-arideLe climat semi-aride ou climat semi-désertique, encore appelé climat subdésertique, est un climat caractérisé par des précipitations qui sont, certaines années, insuffisantes pour y maintenir les cultures et où l'évaporation excède souvent les précipitations. Il s'agit donc d'un climat moins aride que le climat désertique, avec une saison sèche s'étendant sur la plus grande partie de l'année et une saison « humide », avec de faibles précipitations (pluviométrie comprise entre 200 et ).
Statistical populationIn statistics, a population is a set of similar items or events which is of interest for some question or experiment. A statistical population can be a group of existing objects (e.g. the set of all stars within the Milky Way galaxy) or a hypothetical and potentially infinite group of objects conceived as a generalization from experience (e.g. the set of all possible hands in a game of poker). A common aim of statistical analysis is to produce information about some chosen population.
