Essai de tractionthumb|Essai de traction terminé. Un essai de traction est une expérience de physique qui permet d'obtenir des informations sur le comportement élastique, le comportement plastique et le degré de résistance à la rupture d'un matériau, lorsqu'il est soumis à une sollicitation uniaxiale. Certains objets manufacturés doivent avoir un minimum de solidité pour pouvoir supporter les charges, le poids et bien d'autres efforts. L'essai de traction permet de caractériser les matériaux, indépendamment de la forme de l'objet sollicité, ou la performance d'un assemblage mécanique.
Composite à matrice métalliqueUn composite à matrice métallique (CMM) est un matériau réunissant deux éléments : une matrice métallique, par exemple en aluminium, magnésium, zinc ; un renfort métallique ou céramique, tel que des fils d’acier, particules de carbure de silicium (SiC), fibres de carbone, alumine. Les composites à matrice métallique ayant de la céramique comme renfort sont appelés « cermets ». Le sigle MMC signifie « Metal Matrix Composite », c'est-à-dire « composite à matrice métallique » ou CMM en français.
Deformation (engineering)In engineering, deformation refers to the change in size or shape of an object. Displacements are the absolute change in position of a point on the object. Deflection is the relative change in external displacements on an object. Strain is the relative internal change in shape of an infinitesimally small cube of material and can be expressed as a non-dimensional change in length or angle of distortion of the cube. Strains are related to the forces acting on the cube, which are known as stress, by a stress-strain curve.
Fibre de verreLa fibre de verre est un filament de verre. Par extension, les plastiques à renfort de verre sont aussi appelés fibre de verre. Les fibres de verre, constituent avec les verres creux, les verres plats et les verres cellulaires, les principales familles de verre. La fibre de verre a été brevetée en 1930. Ce n'est toutefois que récemment qu'elle a révolutionné l'industrie verrière, utilisée pour ses qualités mécaniques et optiques.
Shear strengthIn engineering, shear strength is the strength of a material or component against the type of yield or structural failure when the material or component fails in shear. A shear load is a force that tends to produce a sliding failure on a material along a plane that is parallel to the direction of the force. When a paper is cut with scissors, the paper fails in shear. In structural and mechanical engineering, the shear strength of a component is important for designing the dimensions and materials to be used for the manufacture or construction of the component (e.
Infinitesimal strain theoryIn continuum mechanics, the infinitesimal strain theory is a mathematical approach to the description of the deformation of a solid body in which the displacements of the material particles are assumed to be much smaller (indeed, infinitesimally smaller) than any relevant dimension of the body; so that its geometry and the constitutive properties of the material (such as density and stiffness) at each point of space can be assumed to be unchanged by the deformation.
Fibre à réseau de BraggUne fibre à réseau de Bragg (FBG, fiber Bragg grating en anglais) est un type de réseau de Bragg inscrit dans un court segment de fibre optique, qui réfléchit des longueurs d'onde particulières de la lumière et transmet toutes les autres. Cette fonction est réalisée en créant une variation périodique de l'indice de réfraction du cœur de la fibre, qui génère un miroir diélectrique spécifique à une longueur d'onde donnée.
Specific strengthThe specific strength is a material's (or muscle's) strength (force per unit area at failure) divided by its density. It is also known as the strength-to-weight ratio or strength/weight ratio or strength-to-mass ratio. In fiber or textile applications, tenacity is the usual measure of specific strength. The SI unit for specific strength is Pa⋅m3/kg, or N⋅m/kg, which is dimensionally equivalent to m2/s2, though the latter form is rarely used.
Fiber-optic cableA fiber-optic cable, also known as an optical-fiber cable, is an assembly similar to an electrical cable but containing one or more optical fibers that are used to carry light. The optical fiber elements are typically individually coated with plastic layers and contained in a protective tube suitable for the environment where the cable is used. Different types of cable are used for optical communication in different applications, for example long-distance telecommunication or providing a high-speed data connection between different parts of a building.
FiberFiber or fibre (British English; from fibra) is a natural or artificial substance that is significantly longer than it is wide. Fibers are often used in the manufacture of other materials. The strongest engineering materials often incorporate fibers, for example carbon fiber and ultra-high-molecular-weight polyethylene. Synthetic fibers can often be produced very cheaply and in large amounts compared to natural fibers, but for clothing natural fibers can give some benefits, such as comfort, over their synthetic counterparts.
