SiliciumLe silicium est l'élément chimique de numéro atomique 14, de symbole Si. Ce métalloïde tétravalent appartient au groupe 14 du tableau périodique. C'est l'élément le plus abondant dans la croûte terrestre après l'oxygène, soit 25,7 % de sa masse, mais il n'est comparativement présent qu'en relativement faible quantité dans la matière constituant le vivant.
Abnormal grain growthAbnormal or discontinuous grain growth, also referred to as exaggerated or secondary recrystallisation grain growth, is a grain growth phenomenon through which certain energetically favorable grains (crystallites) grow rapidly in a matrix of finer grains resulting in a bimodal grain size distribution. In ceramic materials this phenomenon can result in the formation of elongated prismatic, acicular (needle-like) grains in a densified matrix with implications for improved fracture toughness through the impedance of crack propagation.
Alliage de titaneLes alliages de titane sont des métaux faits de titane et d'autres éléments chimiques. Ils sont légers et ont une forte résistance à la corrosion et aux températures extrêmes. Cependant, le coût élevé des deux matières premières et de leur traitement limite leur production à des applications militaires, la construction d'avions, d'engins spatiaux, la fabrication de dispositifs médicaux, ou des composants tels que les bielles sur des voitures de sport et de certains composants électroniques.
Grain growthIn materials science, grain growth is the increase in size of grains (crystallites) in a material at high temperature. This occurs when recovery and recrystallisation are complete and further reduction in the internal energy can only be achieved by reducing the total area of grain boundary. The term is commonly used in metallurgy but is also used in reference to ceramics and minerals. The behaviors of grain growth is analogous to the coarsening behaviors of grains, which implied that both of grain growth and coarsening may be dominated by the same physical mechanism.
Cold workingIn metallurgy, cold forming or cold working is any metalworking process in which metal is shaped below its recrystallization temperature, usually at the ambient temperature. Such processes are contrasted with hot working techniques like hot rolling, forging, welding, etc. The same or similar terms are used in glassmaking for the equivalents; for example cut glass is made by "cold work", cutting or grinding a formed object. Cold forming techniques are usually classified into four major groups: squeezing, bending, drawing, and shearing.
Hot workingIn metallurgy, hot working refers to processes where metals are plastically deformed above their recrystallization temperature. Being above the recrystallization temperature allows the material to recrystallize during deformation. This is important because recrystallization keeps the materials from strain hardening, which ultimately keeps the yield strength and hardness low and ductility high. This contrasts with cold working. Many kinds of working, including rolling, forging, extrusion, and drawing, can be done with hot metal.
Cristallitethumb|Représentation schématique d'un ensemble de cristallites Un (ou une) cristallite (crystallite en anglais) est un domaine de matière ayant la même structure qu'un monocristal. La matière cristalline est rarement présente à l'état de monocristal, à quelques exceptions près (pierres précieuses, silicium pour l'industrie électronique, alliages pour les aubes de turbine des moteurs d'avions militaires). La plupart du temps, elle est polycristalline, c'est-à-dire composée de monocristaux (les cristallites) attachés les uns aux autres par des régions désordonnées.
Loi de Hall-PetchIn materials science, grain-boundary strengthening (or Hall–Petch strengthening) is a method of strengthening materials by changing their average crystallite (grain) size. It is based on the observation that grain boundaries are insurmountable borders for dislocations and that the number of dislocations within a grain has an effect on how stress builds up in the adjacent grain, which will eventually activate dislocation sources and thus enabling deformation in the neighbouring grain as well.
BrazingBrazing is a metal-joining process in which two or more metal items are joined together by melting and flowing a filler metal into the joint, with the filler metal having a lower melting point than the adjoining metal. Brazing differs from welding in that it does not involve melting the work pieces. Brazing differs from soldering through the use of a higher temperature and much more closely fitted parts than when soldering. During the brazing process, the filler metal flows into the gap between close-fitting parts by capillary action.
CarboneLe carbone est l'élément chimique de et de Il possède trois isotopes naturels : C et C qui sont stables ; C qui est radioactif de demi-vie ce qui permet de dater des éléments utilisant du carbone pour leur structure. Le carbone est l'élément le plus léger du groupe 14 du tableau périodique. Le corps simple carbone présente plusieurs formes allotropiques dont principalement le graphite et le diamant. L'élément carbone forme divers composés inorganiques comme le dioxyde de carbone , et une grande variété de composés organiques et de polymères.
