Aquatic feeding mechanismsAquatic feeding mechanisms face a special difficulty as compared to feeding on land, because the density of water is about the same as that of the prey, so the prey tends to be pushed away when the mouth is closed. This problem was first identified by Robert McNeill Alexander. As a result, underwater predators, especially bony fish, have evolved a number of specialized feeding mechanisms, such as filter feeding, ram feeding, suction feeding, protrusion, and pivot feeding.
Fair dataDans le contexte de l'accessibilité de l'Internet, du big data (mégadonnées) des données de la recherche et des sciences ouvertes et plus largement du partage et l'ouverture des données, la notion de FAIR data ou données FAIR recouvre les manières de construire, stocker, présenter ou publier des données de manière à permettre que les données soient (findable, accessible, interoperable, reusable), d'où l'acronyme « FAIR ». Le mot fair (« équitable », « juste ») fait aussi référence au fair use, commerce équitable (fair trade), fair play, etc.
Méthode des variables instrumentalesEn statistique et en économétrie, la méthode des variables instrumentales est une méthode permettant d'identifier et d'estimer des relations causales entre des variables. Cette méthode est très souvent utilisée en économétrie. Le modèle de régression linéaire simple fait l'hypothèse que les variables explicatives sont statistiquement indépendantes du terme d'erreur. Par exemple, si on pose le modèle avec x la variable explicative et u le terme d'erreur, on suppose généralement que x est exogène, c'est-à-dire que .
Observational studyIn fields such as epidemiology, social sciences, psychology and statistics, an observational study draws inferences from a sample to a population where the independent variable is not under the control of the researcher because of ethical concerns or logistical constraints. One common observational study is about the possible effect of a treatment on subjects, where the assignment of subjects into a treated group versus a control group is outside the control of the investigator.
Fixed effects modelIn statistics, a fixed effects model is a statistical model in which the model parameters are fixed or non-random quantities. This is in contrast to random effects models and mixed models in which all or some of the model parameters are random variables. In many applications including econometrics and biostatistics a fixed effects model refers to a regression model in which the group means are fixed (non-random) as opposed to a random effects model in which the group means are a random sample from a population.
Protein productionProtein production is the biotechnological process of generating a specific protein. It is typically achieved by the manipulation of gene expression in an organism such that it expresses large amounts of a recombinant gene. This includes the transcription of the recombinant DNA to messenger RNA (mRNA), the translation of mRNA into polypeptide chains, which are ultimately folded into functional proteins and may be targeted to specific subcellular or extracellular locations.
Acide aminé essentielvignette|Formule de la L-Lysine, un acide aminé dont la présence est cruciale en alimentation humaine. Un acide aminé essentiel, ou acide aminé indispensable (en anglais : IAA), est un acide aminé qui ne peut être synthétisé de novo par l'organisme ou qui est synthétisé à une vitesse insuffisante, et doit donc être apporté par l'alimentation, condition nécessaire au bon fonctionnement de l'organisme. Chez l'humain, neuf acides aminés sont considérés comme essentiels : le tryptophane, la lysine, la méthionine, la phénylalanine, la thréonine, la valine, la leucine, l'isoleucine et l'histidine.
Dependent and independent variablesDependent and independent variables are variables in mathematical modeling, statistical modeling and experimental sciences. Dependent variables are studied under the supposition or demand that they depend, by some law or rule (e.g., by a mathematical function), on the values of other variables. Independent variables, in turn, are not seen as depending on any other variable in the scope of the experiment in question. In this sense, some common independent variables are time, space, density, mass, fluid flow rate, and previous values of some observed value of interest (e.
Progenitor cellA progenitor cell is a biological cell that can differentiate into a specific cell type. Stem cells and progenitor cells have this ability in common. However, stem cells are less specified than progenitor cells. Progenitor cells can only differentiate into their "target" cell type. The most important difference between stem cells and progenitor cells is that stem cells can replicate indefinitely, whereas progenitor cells can divide only a limited number of times. Controversy about the exact definition remains and the concept is still evolving.
Acide désoxyribonucléique recombinantL'acide désoxyribonucléique recombinant (ADN recombinant ou ADN recombiné) est une molécule d'acide désoxyribonucléique créée en laboratoire composée de séquences nucléotidiques provenant de plusieurs sources créant ainsi des séquences qui n'existent pas dans les organismes vivants. Paul Berg César Milstein Werner Arber La technologie recombinante est maintenant largement utilisée dans des projets de recherches ou de développement.
