Publication
A WebGIS application for the monitoring of Farm Animal Genetic Resources
Concepts associés (32)
Effective population size
The effective population size (Ne) is a number that, in some simplified scenarios, corresponds to the number of breeding individuals in the population. More generally, Ne is the number of individuals that an idealised population would need to have in order for some specified quantity of interest (typically change of genetic diversity or inbreeding rates) to be the same as in the real population. Idealised populations are based on unrealistic but convenient simplifications such as random mating, simultaneous birth of each new generation, constant population size, and equal numbers of children per parent.
Inbreeding
Inbreeding is the production of offspring from the mating or breeding of individuals or organisms that are closely related genetically. By analogy, the term is used in human reproduction, but more commonly refers to the genetic disorders and other consequences that may arise from expression of deleterious recessive traits resulting from incestuous sexual relationships and consanguinity. Animals avoid incest only rarely. Inbreeding results in homozygosity, which can increase the chances of offspring being affected by recessive traits.
Population de petite taille
Une population de petite taille se comporte différemment des grandes populations. Ce type de population est souvent le résultat d'un goulet d'étranglement, qui a des conséquences dramatiques pour la survie de cette population. L'influence de la variation stochastique des taux démographiques (taux de reproduction et de mortalité) est beaucoup plus élevée dans les petites populations que dans les grandes. Cette variation stochastique cause une fluctuation aléatoire de la taille des petites populations : plus la population est petite, plus la probabilité que ces fluctuations conduisent à l'extinction est grande.
Population size
In population genetics and population ecology, population size (usually denoted N) is a countable quantity representing the number of individual organisms in a population. Population size is directly associated with amount of genetic drift, and is the underlying cause of effects like population bottlenecks and the founder effect. Genetic drift is the major source of decrease of genetic diversity within populations which drives fixation and can potentially lead to speciation events.
Coefficient of relationship
The coefficient of relationship is a measure of the degree of consanguinity (or biological relationship) between two individuals. The term coefficient of relationship was defined by Sewall Wright in 1922, and was derived from his definition of the coefficient of inbreeding of 1921. The measure is most commonly used in genetics and genealogy. A coefficient of inbreeding can be calculated for an individual, and is typically one-half the coefficient of relationship between the parents.
Idealised population
In population genetics an idealised population is one that can be described using a number of simplifying assumptions. Models of idealised populations are either used to make a general point, or they are fit to data on real populations for which the assumptions may not hold true. For example, coalescent theory is used to fit data to models of idealised populations. The most common idealized population in population genetics is described in the Wright-Fisher model after Sewall Wright and Ronald Fisher (1922, 1930) and (1931).
Génétique des populations
La génétique des populations (GDP) est l'étude de la distribution et des changements de la fréquence des versions d'un gène (allèles) dans les populations d'êtres vivants, sous l'influence des « pressions évolutives » (sélection naturelle, dérive génétique, recombinaison, mutation, et migration). Les changements de fréquence des allèles sont un aspect majeur de l'évolution, la fixation de certains allèles conduit à une modification génétique de la population, et l'accumulation de tels changements dans différentes populations peut conduire au processus de spéciation.
Minimum viable population
Minimum viable population (MVP) is a lower bound on the population of a species, such that it can survive in the wild. This term is commonly used in the fields of biology, ecology, and conservation biology. MVP refers to the smallest possible size at which a biological population can exist without facing extinction from natural disasters or demographic, environmental, or genetic stochasticity. The term "population" is defined as a group of interbreeding individuals in similar geographic area that undergo negligible gene flow with other groups of the species.
Cryoconservation of animal genetic resources
Cryoconservation of animal genetic resources is a strategy wherein samples of animal genetic materials are preserved cryogenically. Animal genetic resources, as defined by the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, are "those animal species that are used, or may be used, for the production of food and agriculture, and the populations within each of them. These populations within each species can be classified as wild and feral populations, landraces and primary populations, standardised breeds, selected lines, varieties, strains and any conserved genetic material; all of which are currently categorized as Breeds.
Goulet d'étranglement de population
vignette|redresse=1.3|Le Castor fiber a failli disparaitre ; au début du , il n'en restait que quelques centaines dans toute l'Europe. Il a subi un goulot d'étranglement génétique qui l'a rendu vulnérable à la consanguinité. Les nombreuses réintroductions faites en Europe depuis un siècle ont permis à différentes souches de se croiser. Il recolonise désormais les cours d'eau bassin par bassin. Un goulet d'étranglement de population (ou goulot d'étranglement selon les locuteurs) est, dans l'étude de l'évolution d'une espèce, un épisode de réduction sévère de la population, suivi d'une nouvelle expansion démographique.