Aging brainAging of the brain is a process of transformation of the brain in older age, including changes all individuals experience and those of illness (including unrecognised illness). Usually this refers to humans. Since life extension is only pertinent if accompanied by health span extension, and, more importantly, by preserving brain health and cognition, finding rejuvenating approaches that act simultaneously in peripheral tissues and in brain function is a key strategy for development of rejuvenating technology.
VieillissementLe vieillissement est l'ensemble des modifications fonctionnelles diminuant progressivement l'aptitude d'un objet, d'une information ou d'un organisme à assurer ses fonctions dans le temps. Dans le cas d'un organisme vivant (être humain par exemple), la plupart des cellules et organes ont une durée de vie maximale génétiquement programmée, mais ce processus peut être accéléré par divers stress subis in utero ou durant la vie - qui conduisent le plus souvent cet organisme à ne plus assurer son équilibre physiologique, ce qui le mène à la mort.
Aging-associated diseasesAn aging-associated disease (commonly termed age-related disease, ARD) is a disease that is most often seen with increasing frequency with increasing senescence. They are essentially complications of senescence, distinguished from the aging process itself because all adult animals age (with rare exceptions) but not all adult animals experience all age-associated diseases. The term does not refer to age-specific diseases, such as the childhood diseases chicken pox and measles, only diseases of the elderly.
Memory and agingAge-related memory loss, sometimes described as "normal aging" (also spelled "ageing" in British English), is qualitatively different from memory loss associated with types of dementia such as Alzheimer's disease, and is believed to have a different brain mechanism. Mild cognitive impairment Mild cognitive impairment (MCI) is a condition in which people face memory problems more often than that of the average person their age. These symptoms, however, do not prevent them from carrying out normal activities and are not as severe as the symptoms for Alzheimer's disease (AD).
Configuration électroniqueredresse=1.6|vignette|Planche synthétisant la règle de Klechkowski (en haut à gauche) de remplissage des sous-couches électroniques ; en haut la géométrie des quatre types d'orbitales atomiques ; au centre la géométrie de quelques orbitales moléculaires ; en bas le nombre maximum d'électrons pouvant occuper les atomiques connues à l'état fondamental.
Règle de Klechkowskiredresse=1.2|vignette|Représentation plus courante du diagramme : ici chaque flèche rouge diagonale correspond à une valeur de .La règle de Klechkowski, du nom du chimiste russe Vsevolod Kletchkovski, également appelée règle de Madelung (notamment dans les pays anglo-saxons), du nom du physicien allemand Erwin Madelung, est une méthode empirique permettant de prédire avec une assez bonne précision l'ordre de remplissage des électrons dans les sous-couches des atomes électriquement neutres à l'état fondamental.
Yield (engineering)In materials science and engineering, the yield point is the point on a stress-strain curve that indicates the limit of elastic behavior and the beginning of plastic behavior. Below the yield point, a material will deform elastically and will return to its original shape when the applied stress is removed. Once the yield point is passed, some fraction of the deformation will be permanent and non-reversible and is known as plastic deformation.
Hund's rule of maximum multiplicityHund's rule of maximum multiplicity is a rule based on observation of atomic spectra, which is used to predict the ground state of an atom or molecule with one or more open electronic shells. The rule states that for a given electron configuration, the lowest energy term is the one with the greatest value of spin multiplicity. This implies that if two or more orbitals of equal energy are available, electrons will occupy them singly before filling them in pairs.
