Synapsethumb|400px|Synapse entre deux neurones. La synapse (du grec , « contact, point de jonction », dérivé de , « joindre, connecter ») est une zone de contact fonctionnelle qui s'établit entre deux neurones, ou entre un neurone et une autre cellule (cellules musculaires, récepteurs sensoriels...). Elle assure la conversion d'un potentiel d'action déclenché dans le neurone présynaptique en un signal dans la cellule postsynaptique. On estime, pour certains types cellulaires (par exemple cellule pyramidale, cellule de Purkinje.
Mauthner cellThe Mauthner cells are a pair of big and easily identifiable neurons (one for each half of the body) located in the rhombomere 4 of the hindbrain in fish and amphibians that are responsible for a very fast escape reflex (in the majority of animals – a so-called C-start response). The cells are also notable for their unusual use of both chemical and electrical synapses. Mauthner cells first appear in lampreys (being absent in hagfish and lancelets), and are present in virtually all teleost fish, as well as in amphibians (including postmetamorphic frogs and toads).
AutocrineEn biologie cellulaire, la communication autocrine est un mode de signalisation cellulaire impliquant des messagers chimiques — hormones, cytokines — qui agissent sur la cellule même qui les a synthétisés à travers des récepteurs de la membrane cellulaire. Ceci distingue la communication autocrine d'autres formes de communication cellulaire dites juxtacrines, paracrines, endocrines, intracrines et exocrine. Il s'agit d'un mode d'expression dans le cadre des épithéliums glandulaires, important durant le développement et dans la cancérogenèse.
Dorsolateral prefrontal cortexThe dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC or DL-PFC) is an area in the prefrontal cortex of the primate brain. It is one of the most recently derived parts of the human brain. It undergoes a prolonged period of maturation which lasts into adulthood. The DLPFC is not an anatomical structure, but rather a functional one. It lies in the middle frontal gyrus of humans (i.e., lateral part of Brodmann's area (BA) 9 and 46). In macaque monkeys, it is around the principal sulcus (i.e., in Brodmann's area 46).
Medium spiny neuronMedium spiny neurons (MSNs), also known as spiny projection neurons (SPNs), are a special type of GABAergic inhibitory cell representing 95% of neurons within the human striatum, a basal ganglia structure. Medium spiny neurons have two primary phenotypes (characteristic types): D1-type MSNs of the direct pathway and D2-type MSNs of the indirect pathway. Most striatal MSNs contain only D1-type or D2-type dopamine receptors, but a subpopulation of MSNs exhibit both phenotypes.
AxoneLaxone, ou fibre nerveuse, est le prolongement du neurone qui conduit le signal électrique du corps cellulaire vers les zones synaptiques. Le long de l'axone, ce signal est constitué de potentiels d'action. Les autres prolongements du neurone sont les dendrites qui conduisent le signal des synapses au corps cellulaire. Les neurones ont le plus souvent un seul axone et plusieurs dendrites. Néanmoins, la terminaison de l'axone est très ramifiée — on parle d'arborisation terminale — ce qui lui permet de contacter plusieurs autres neurones avec la même information.
NeurotransmissionNeurotransmission (Latin: transmissio "passage, crossing" from transmittere "send, let through") is the process by which signaling molecules called neurotransmitters are released by the axon terminal of a neuron (the presynaptic neuron), and bind to and react with the receptors on the dendrites of another neuron (the postsynaptic neuron) a short distance away. A similar process occurs in retrograde neurotransmission, where the dendrites of the postsynaptic neuron release retrograde neurotransmitters (e.g.
Substantia nigraLa substantia nigra (substance noire, dite aussi locus niger) est un noyau du système nerveux situé au niveau du mésencéphale et du diencéphale sus-jacent, à la base des crus cerebri et ventralement par rapport au tegmentum. Son nom provient de la couleur des cellules qui composent ce noyau en raison de la présence de neuromélanine. La substantia nigra se subdivise en deux parties principales, la pars compacta d'une part et la pars reticulata d'autre part. La substantia nigra pars compacta est composée de neurones dopaminergiques.
Anterograde tracingIn neuroscience, anterograde tracing is a research method that is used to trace axonal projections from their source (the cell body, or soma) to their point of termination (the synapse). A hallmark of anterograde tracing is the labeling of the presynaptic and the postsynaptic neuron(s). The crossing of the synaptic cleft is a vital difference between the anterograde tracers and the dye fillers used for morphological reconstruction. The complementary technique is retrograde tracing, which is used to trace neural connections from their termination to their source (i.
Neuronal ensembleA neuronal ensemble is a population of nervous system cells (or cultured neurons) involved in a particular neural computation. The concept of neuronal ensemble dates back to the work of Charles Sherrington who described the functioning of the CNS as the system of reflex arcs, each composed of interconnected excitatory and inhibitory neurons. In Sherrington's scheme, α-motoneurons are the final common path of a number of neural circuits of different complexity: motoneurons integrate a large number of inputs and send their final output to muscles.
