Microelectrode arrayMicroelectrode arrays (MEAs) (also referred to as multielectrode arrays) are devices that contain multiple (tens to thousands) microelectrodes through which neural signals are obtained or delivered, essentially serving as neural interfaces that connect neurons to electronic circuitry. There are two general classes of MEAs: implantable MEAs, used in vivo, and non-implantable MEAs, used in vitro. Neurons and muscle cells create ion currents through their membranes when excited, causing a change in voltage between the inside and the outside of the cell.
Electrotonic potentialIn physiology, electrotonus refers to the passive spread of charge inside a neuron and between cardiac muscle cells or smooth muscle cells. Passive means that voltage-dependent changes in membrane conductance do not contribute. Neurons and other excitable cells produce two types of electrical potential: Electrotonic potential (or graded potential), a non-propagated local potential, resulting from a local change in ionic conductance (e.g. synaptic or sensory that engenders a local current).
NeuropileNeuropil (or "neuropile") is any area in the nervous system composed of mostly unmyelinated axons, dendrites and glial cell processes that forms a synaptically dense region containing a relatively low number of cell bodies. The most prevalent anatomical region of neuropil is the brain which, although not completely composed of neuropil, does have the largest and highest synaptically concentrated areas of neuropil in the body. For example, the neocortex and olfactory bulb both contain neuropil.
RepolarizationIn neuroscience, repolarization refers to the change in membrane potential that returns it to a negative value just after the depolarization phase of an action potential which has changed the membrane potential to a positive value. The repolarization phase usually returns the membrane potential back to the resting membrane potential. The efflux of potassium (K+) ions results in the falling phase of an action potential. The ions pass through the selectivity filter of the K+ channel pore.
Cellule de Betzvignette|Neurone pyramidal néocortical humain, tel qu'une cellule de Betz, coloré par la technique de Golgi. Les cellules de Betz sont de grands neurones moteurs à noyau de forme pyramidale, d'où leur appellation de cellules pyramidales de Betz. Elles se situent généralement dans la couche V du cortex moteur primaire (aire 4 de Brodmann). Elles fournissent les projections corticofugales qui s'articulent avec d'autres noyaux, motoneurones ou interneurones, soit au niveau du tronc cérébral, soit au niveau de la moelle épinière (voie pyramidale).
Adultethumb|upright=1.5|Couple d'humains adultes et leur nouveau-né Dans son sens le plus général, un adulte (du latin ădultus, a, um, , participe passé d'ădŏlēscĕre dont le présent est ădŏlēscēns, -centĭa) est un individu biologiquement stable qui, ayant acquis sa maturité sexuelle, est susceptible de se reproduire. L'âge adulte est l'une des périodes de la vie.
Bayesian approaches to brain functionBayesian approaches to brain function investigate the capacity of the nervous system to operate in situations of uncertainty in a fashion that is close to the optimal prescribed by Bayesian statistics. This term is used in behavioural sciences and neuroscience and studies associated with this term often strive to explain the brain's cognitive abilities based on statistical principles. It is frequently assumed that the nervous system maintains internal probabilistic models that are updated by neural processing of sensory information using methods approximating those of Bayesian probability.
