Adulte

Résumé

thumb|upright=1.5|Couple d'humains adultes et leur nouveau-né Dans son sens le plus général, un adulte (du latin ădultus, a, um, , participe passé d'ădŏlēscĕre dont le présent est ădŏlēscēns, -centĭa) est un individu biologiquement stable qui, ayant acquis sa maturité sexuelle, est susceptible de se reproduire. L'âge adulte est l'une des périodes de la vie. Dans l'espèce humaine, le terme adulte ne désigne plus nécessairement un individu ayant atteint la puberté : depuis la généralisation de l'expérience sociale de l'adolescence dans les sociétés industrialisées, le terme adulte définit souvent un individu ayant terminé cette phase de développement relativement récente qu'est l'adolescence, normalement à un âge compris entre . On considère généralement que le développement d'un individu se fait sur trois plans : le plan physique, le plan des émotions et le plan de l'intellect. Le passage à la phase adulte est acquis lorsque le jeune a atteint sa maturité. Il ne faut pas confondre le

Source officielle

https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adulte

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The effects of time-restricted eating and weight loss on bone metabolism and health: a 6-month randomized controlled trial

Alexandra Hemmer, Nicholas Edward Phillips

Objective This study explored the impact of time-restricted eating (TRE) versus standard dietary advice (SDA) on bone health. Methods Adults with >= 1 component of metabolic syndrome were randomized to TRE (ad libitum eating within 12 hours) or SDA (food pyramid brochure). Bone turnover markers and bone mineral content/density by dual energy x-ray absorptiometry were assessed at baseline and 6-month follow-up. Statistical analyses were performed in the total population and by weight loss response. Results In the total population (n = 42, 76% women, median age 47 years [IQR: 31-52]), there were no between-group differences (TRE vs. SDA) in any bone parameter. Among weight loss responders (>= 0.6 kg weight loss), the bone resorption marker beta-carboxyterminal telopeptide of type I collagen tended to decrease after TRE but increase after SDA (between-group differences p = 0.041), whereas changes in the bone formation marker procollagen type I N-propeptide did not differ between groups. Total body bone mineral content decreased after SDA (p = 0.028) but remained unchanged after TRE (p = 0.31) in weight loss responders (between-group differences p = 0.028). Among nonresponders (

WILEY2022

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Smooth social interactions in everyday life rely on spontaneous understanding of emotions and intentions of others, conveyed by subtle social cues, such as gaze and facial expressions. In individuals with autism, however, who represent close to 1% of the population, this effortless and spontaneous understanding is impaired, and atypical eye contact as well as difficulties in social interaction are central to the condition. A lack of social instinct has been suggested as the essence of this neurodevelopmental disorder. In this work, I investigated configural face processing, interactions of emotions and eye gaze direction as well as empathy for pain in high- functioning young adults with autism spectrum disorders (ASD) using magnetic resonance imaging and behavioral measures. I also conducted anatomical investigations of white matter in adolescents and adults with autism to investigate structural differences underlying socio-cognitive processing. Findings showed that individuals with ASD process faces in a qualitatively similar manner as controls, namely configurally, as a unified whole. Moreover, the results showed that when participants are explicitly cued to the eye region, activation of cortical areas involved in social and emotional aspects of face processing reaches levels comparable to those observed in controls. When confronted with quick social gaze cues signaling an environmental threat, however, participants with ASD failed to show activation in areas associated with social attention, including brain regions driving eye gaze and emotion processing as well as the attribution of mental states. In contrast, affective empathy, referring to emotional contagion that has us “feeling like others” is preserved in ASD when viewing facial expressions of physical pain in others. Cognitive empathy on the other hand, which is associated with the attribution of mental states to others as well as top-down regulation of emotional arousal, seems impaired in ASD. In addition, across experiments, direct eye contact led to hyperactivation of subcortical regions suggesting hyperarousal in response to direct gaze that could underlie gaze avoidance observed in autism. Finally, we observed signs of delayed maturation in white matter tracts involved in emotional face processing in adolescents with ASD, but not in adults, which could be related to the improvements often observed in social interactions as individuals with autism enter adulthood. The studies conducted here shed light onto neural processes underlying social cognition deficits in ASD and provide clues for improving behavioral therapies.

EPFL2012

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Perception of Social Cues of Danger in Autism Spectrum Disorders

Nouchine Hadjikhani, Loyse Hippolyte, Ophélie Rogier, Torsten Ruest, Britt Russo

Intuitive grasping of the meaning of subtle social cues is particularly affected in autism spectrum disorders (ASD). Despite their relevance in social communication, the effect of averted gaze in fearful faces in conveying a signal of environmental threat has not been investigated using real face stimuli in adults with ASD. Here, using functional MRI, we show that briefly presented fearful faces with averted gaze, previously shown to be a strong communicative signal of environmental danger, produce different patterns of brain activation than fearful faces with direct gaze in a group of 26 normally intelligent adults with ASD compared with 26 matched controls. While implicit cue of threat produces brain activation in attention, emotion processing and mental state attribution networks in controls, this effect is absent in individuals with ASD. Instead, individuals with ASD show activation in the subcortical face-processing system in response to direct eye contact. An effect of differences in looking behavior was excluded in a separate eye tracking experiment. Our data suggest that individuals with ASD are more sensitive to direct eye contact than to social signals of danger conveyed by averted fearful gaze.

Public Library Science2013

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EPFL2012