Business method patentBusiness method patents are a class of patents which disclose and claim new methods of doing business. This includes new types of e-commerce, insurance, banking and tax compliance etc. Business method patents are a relatively new species of patent and there have been several reviews investigating the appropriateness of patenting business methods. Nonetheless, they have become important assets for both independent inventors and major corporations.
Droit des brevets aux États-UnisUnder United States law, a patent is a right granted to the inventor of a (1) process, machine, article of manufacture, or composition of matter, (2) that is new, useful, and non-obvious. A patent is the right to exclude others, for a limited time (usually, 20 years) from profiting of a patented technology without the consent of the patent-holder. Specifically, it is the right to exclude others from: making, using, selling, offering for sale, importing, inducing others to infringe, applying for an FDA approval, and/or offering a product specially adapted for practice of the patent.
Patentable subject matterPatentable, statutory or patent-eligible subject matter is subject matter of an invention that is considered appropriate for patent protection in a given jurisdiction. The laws and practices of many countries stipulate that certain types of inventions should be denied patent protection. Together with criteria such as novelty, inventive step or nonobviousness, utility, and industrial applicability, which differ from country to country, the question of whether a particular subject matter is patentable is one of the substantive requirements for patentability.
Criticisms of globalizationCriticism of globalization is skepticism of the claimed benefits of globalization. Many of these views are held by the anti-globalization movement. Globalization has created much global and internal unrest in many countries. While the dynamics of capitalism is changing and each country is unique in its political makeup, globalization is a set-in-stone "program" that is difficult to implement without political unrest. Globalization can be partly responsible for the current global economic crisis.
Proto-globalizationProto-globalization or early modern globalization is a period of the history of globalization roughly spanning the years between 1600 and 1800, following the period of archaic globalization. First introduced by historians A. G. Hopkins and Christopher Bayly, the term describes the phase of increasing trade links and cultural exchange that characterized the period immediately preceding the advent of so-called "modern globalization" in the 19th century.
Mouvement antimondialisationthumb|Protestation antimondialiste contre le du G8 à Heiligendamm, 2007.|alt= Le mouvement antimondialisation désigne le mouvement social qui se montre critique face à la mondialisation économique. Le mouvement peut aussi se référer aux mouvements altermondialistes où à d'autres mouvement s'opposant à la mondialisation néolibérale. Manifestations de 1999 à Seattle En 1999, lors de la réunion de l'Organisation mondiale du commerce, à Seattle, une opposition d'ampleur du mouvement antimondialisation s'est révélée, qui s'était déjà également exprimée en d'autres occasions, dont notablement à Vancouver, lors du Sommet de l'APEC, en 1997.
Inventive step and non-obviousnessThe inventive step and non-obviousness reflect a general patentability requirement present in most patent laws, according to which an invention should be sufficiently inventive—i.e., non-obvious—in order to be patented. In other words, "[the] nonobviousness principle asks whether the invention is an adequate distance beyond or above the state of the art". The expression "inventive step" is predominantly used in Europe, while the expression "non-obviousness" is predominantly used in United States patent law.
Mondialisation économiqueCet article est destiné à reprendre et préciser les aspects économiques et financiers de l'article Mondialisation lequel est axé plus largement sur les différentes dimensions du phénomène. La mondialisation économique est l'accélération, à l'échelle mondiale, des échanges de biens et de services rendue possible grâce à la levée progressive des entraves au commerce dans le cadre de l'accord général sur les tarifs douaniers et le commerce (GATT) puis de l'Organisation mondiale du commerce (OMC) depuis 1995 et par le développement des moyens de transport et de communication.
Primary sourceIn the study of history as an academic discipline, a primary source (also called an original source) is an artifact, document, diary, manuscript, autobiography, recording, or any other source of information that was created at the time under study. It serves as an original source of information about the topic. Similar definitions can be used in library science and other areas of scholarship, although different fields have somewhat different definitions.
Époque d'EdoL' ou est la subdivision traditionnelle de l'histoire du Japon qui commence vers 1600, avec la prise de pouvoir de Tokugawa Ieyasu lors de la bataille de Sekigahara, et se termine vers 1868 avec la restauration Meiji. Elle est dominée par le shogunat Tokugawa dont Edo (ancien nom de Tokyo) est la capitale. Oda Nobunaga Au cours de la seconde moitié du , trois chefs militaires se succèdent au pouvoir et contribuent à l'unification de tout l'archipel japonais. Oda Nobunaga commence ce processus d'unification de 1560 à 1582.
