Recristallisation (métallurgie)En science des matériaux, le terme recristallisation désigne une réorganisation de la structure cristalline qui a lieu à l'état solide. Elle est précédée par la restauration. La déformation plastique d'un matériau s'accompagne de la création de dislocations (mécanisme de Frank et Read). Ces dislocations représentent un « stock d'énergie élastique ». Lorsque la température est suffisante, les dislocations deviennent spontanément mobiles et provoquent une réorganisation de la structure cristalline, en deux étapes : restauration puis recristallisation.
Joint de grainsUn joint de grains est l'interface entre deux cristaux de même structure cristalline et de même composition, mais d’orientation différente. vignette|Microstructure de VT22 () après trempe. L'échelle est en micromètres. vignette|Schéma d'un joint de grain, dont les atomes communs à deux cristaux (orange et bleu) sont représentés en vert. Les joints de grains peuvent se former dans deux cas de figure : lors de la solidification du matériau et par recristallisation, durant certains traitements thermomécaniques.
Strain-rate tensorIn continuum mechanics, the strain-rate tensor or rate-of-strain tensor is a physical quantity that describes the rate of change of the deformation of a material in the neighborhood of a certain point, at a certain moment of time. It can be defined as the derivative of the strain tensor with respect to time, or as the symmetric component of the Jacobian matrix (derivative with respect to position) of the flow velocity. In fluid mechanics it also can be described as the velocity gradient, a measure of how the velocity of a fluid changes between different points within the fluid.
Abnormal grain growthAbnormal or discontinuous grain growth, also referred to as exaggerated or secondary recrystallisation grain growth, is a grain growth phenomenon through which certain energetically favorable grains (crystallites) grow rapidly in a matrix of finer grains resulting in a bimodal grain size distribution. In ceramic materials this phenomenon can result in the formation of elongated prismatic, acicular (needle-like) grains in a densified matrix with implications for improved fracture toughness through the impedance of crack propagation.
Grain growthIn materials science, grain growth is the increase in size of grains (crystallites) in a material at high temperature. This occurs when recovery and recrystallisation are complete and further reduction in the internal energy can only be achieved by reducing the total area of grain boundary. The term is commonly used in metallurgy but is also used in reference to ceramics and minerals. The behaviors of grain growth is analogous to the coarsening behaviors of grains, which implied that both of grain growth and coarsening may be dominated by the same physical mechanism.
Stress–strain curveIn engineering and materials science, a stress–strain curve for a material gives the relationship between stress and strain. It is obtained by gradually applying load to a test coupon and measuring the deformation, from which the stress and strain can be determined (see tensile testing). These curves reveal many of the properties of a material, such as the Young's modulus, the yield strength and the ultimate tensile strength. Generally speaking, curves representing the relationship between stress and strain in any form of deformation can be regarded as stress–strain curves.
Vitesse de déformationEn mécanique des milieux continus, on considère la déformation d'un élément de matière au sein d'une pièce. On s'attache donc à décrire ce qui se passe localement et non pas d'un point de vue global, et à utiliser des paramètres indépendants de la forme de la pièce. La vitesse de déformation que l'on considère est donc la dérivée par rapport au temps de la déformation ε ; on la note donc (« epsilon point ») : Elle s'exprime en s−1, parfois en %/s. C'est un des paramètres capitaux en rhéologie.
Tension de cycleEn chimie organique, la tension de cycle ou contrainte cyclique désigne la déstabilisation d'une molécule cyclique, telle un cycloalcane, causée par l'orientation spatiale des atomes qui la composent. Cette tension provient d'une combinaison (1) de contrainte d'angle, (2) de contrainte de torsion (ou tension de Pitzer) et (3) de la tension trans-annulaire (ou contrainte de van der Waals).
Finite strain theoryIn continuum mechanics, the finite strain theory—also called large strain theory, or large deformation theory—deals with deformations in which strains and/or rotations are large enough to invalidate assumptions inherent in infinitesimal strain theory. In this case, the undeformed and deformed configurations of the continuum are significantly different, requiring a clear distinction between them. This is commonly the case with elastomers, plastically-deforming materials and other fluids and biological soft tissue.
Prelog strainIn organic chemistry, transannular strain (also called Prelog strain after chemist Vladimir Prelog) is the unfavorable interactions of ring substituents on non-adjacent carbons. These interactions, called transannular interactions, arise from a lack of space in the interior of the ring, which forces substituents into conflict with one another. In medium-sized cycloalkanes, which have between 8 and 11 carbons constituting the ring, transannular strain can be a major source of the overall strain, especially in some conformations, to which there is also contribution from large-angle strain and Pitzer strain.
