Socialvignette|L'urbanisation est un phénomène d'ordre social. Dans une définition large de la notion du social, on peut l'entendre comme l'expression de l'existence de relations et de communication entre les êtres vivants. Bien que toutes les espèces interagissent avec leur environnement, certains animaux sont qualifiés d'espèces sociales. Il en va de même pour certains insectes et plantes dont les comportements sociaux font objet d'études. Au sens commun, le terme social renvoie généralement à l'idée de solidarité, de sociabilité, et aux politiques sociales.
Feature (computer vision)In computer vision and , a feature is a piece of information about the content of an image; typically about whether a certain region of the image has certain properties. Features may be specific structures in the image such as points, edges or objects. Features may also be the result of a general neighborhood operation or feature detection applied to the image. Other examples of features are related to motion in image sequences, or to shapes defined in terms of curves or boundaries between different image regions.
Directed percolationIn statistical physics, directed percolation (DP) refers to a class of models that mimic filtering of fluids through porous materials along a given direction, due to the effect of gravity. Varying the microscopic connectivity of the pores, these models display a phase transition from a macroscopically permeable (percolating) to an impermeable (non-percolating) state. Directed percolation is also used as a simple model for epidemic spreading with a transition between survival and extinction of the disease depending on the infection rate.
Commerce de proximitéLe commerce de proximité désigne les commerces pratiquant la vente au détail dans lesquels le consommateur se rend fréquemment, voire quotidiennement ; il inclut également des commerces implantés dans certaines rues ou quartiers commerçants des villes. On parle par exemple de commerce de proximité concernant les boulangeries, librairies indépendantes, épiceries, drogueries ou cordonneries.
Open-pit miningOpen-pit mining, also known as open-cast or open-cut mining and in larger contexts mega-mining, is a surface mining technique of extracting rock or minerals from the earth from an open-air pit, sometimes known as a borrow. This form of mining differs from extractive methods that require tunnelling into the earth, such as long wall mining. Open-pit mines are used when deposits of commercially useful ore or rocks are found near the surface.
