Systems ecologySystems ecology is an interdisciplinary field of ecology, a subset of Earth system science, that takes a holistic approach to the study of ecological systems, especially ecosystems. Systems ecology can be seen as an application of general systems theory to ecology. Central to the systems ecology approach is the idea that an ecosystem is a complex system exhibiting emergent properties. Systems ecology focuses on interactions and transactions within and between biological and ecological systems, and is especially concerned with the way the functioning of ecosystems can be influenced by human interventions.
Écologie politiqueL’écologie, ou préférablement l’écologie politique pour ne pas prêter à confusion avec la discipline scientifique, est un ensemble de courants, largement diffusé depuis les années 1970, qui insiste sur la prise en compte des enjeux écologiques dans l'action politique et dans l'organisation sociale. Mouvement culturel nourri d'influences de divers mouvements (tels que le féminisme, le tiers-mondisme, le pacifisme, la non-violence, l'anarchisme, l'autogestion), l'écologie devient politique lorsqu'elle appelle à une profonde transformation du modèle économique et social actuel ainsi qu'à une remise à plat des relations entre l'homme et son environnement.
Mutation (genetic algorithm)Mutation is a genetic operator used to maintain genetic diversity of the chromosomes of a population of a genetic or, more generally, an evolutionary algorithm (EA). It is analogous to biological mutation. The classic example of a mutation operator of a binary coded genetic algorithm (GA) involves a probability that an arbitrary bit in a genetic sequence will be flipped from its original state. A common method of implementing the mutation operator involves generating a random variable for each bit in a sequence.
Pre-modern human migrationThis article focusses on prehistorical migration since the Neolithic period until AD 1800. See Early human migrations for migration prior to the Neolithic, History of human migration for modern history, and human migration for contemporary migration. Paleolithic migration prior to end of the Last Glacial Maximum spread anatomically modern humans throughout Afro-Eurasia and to the Americas. During the Holocene climatic optimum, formerly isolated populations began to move and merge, giving rise to the pre-modern distribution of the world's major language families.
