Architectural engineeringArchitectural engineering or architecture engineering, also known as building engineering, is an engineering discipline that deals with the engineering systems - such as structural, mechanical, electrical, lighting, environmental, climate control, telecommunications, security, and other technologies used in buildings. From reduction of greenhouse gas emissions to the construction of resilient buildings, architectural engineers are at the forefront of addressing several major challenges of the 21st century.
Manufacturing engineeringManufacturing engineering or production engineering is a branch of professional engineering that shares many common concepts and ideas with other fields of engineering such as mechanical, chemical, electrical, and industrial engineering. Manufacturing engineering requires the ability to plan the practices of manufacturing; to research and to develop tools, processes, machines and equipment; and to integrate the facilities and systems for producing quality products with the optimum expenditure of capital.
Computational complexityIn computer science, the computational complexity or simply complexity of an algorithm is the amount of resources required to run it. Particular focus is given to computation time (generally measured by the number of needed elementary operations) and memory storage requirements. The complexity of a problem is the complexity of the best algorithms that allow solving the problem. The study of the complexity of explicitly given algorithms is called analysis of algorithms, while the study of the complexity of problems is called computational complexity theory.
Algorithmic efficiencyIn computer science, algorithmic efficiency is a property of an algorithm which relates to the amount of computational resources used by the algorithm. An algorithm must be analyzed to determine its resource usage, and the efficiency of an algorithm can be measured based on the usage of different resources. Algorithmic efficiency can be thought of as analogous to engineering productivity for a repeating or continuous process. For maximum efficiency it is desirable to minimize resource usage.
In-phase and quadrature componentsA sinusoid with modulation can be decomposed into, or synthesized from, two amplitude-modulated sinusoids that are offset in phase by one-quarter cycle (90 degrees or pi/2 radians). All three sinusoids have the same center frequency. The two amplitude-modulated sinusoids are known as the in-phase (I) and quadrature (Q) components, which describes their relationships with the amplitude- and phase-modulated carrier. Or in other words, it is possible to create an arbitrarily phase-shifted sine wave, by mixing together two sine waves that are 90° out of phase in different proportions.
Fixed-point iterationIn numerical analysis, fixed-point iteration is a method of computing fixed points of a function. More specifically, given a function defined on the real numbers with real values and given a point in the domain of , the fixed-point iteration is which gives rise to the sequence of iterated function applications which is hoped to converge to a point . If is continuous, then one can prove that the obtained is a fixed point of , i.e., More generally, the function can be defined on any metric space with values in that same space.
Optimisation convexevignette|320x320px|Optimisation convexe dans un espace en deux dimensions dans un espace contraint L'optimisation convexe est une sous-discipline de l'optimisation mathématique, dans laquelle le critère à minimiser est convexe et l'ensemble admissible est convexe. Ces problèmes sont plus simples à analyser et à résoudre que les problèmes d'optimisation non convexes, bien qu'ils puissent être NP-difficile (c'est le cas de l'optimisation copositive). La théorie permettant d'analyser ces problèmes ne requiert pas la différentiabilité des fonctions.
Chimie numériqueLa chimie numérique ou chimie informatique, parfois aussi chimie computationnelle, est une branche de la chimie et de la physico-chimie qui utilise les lois de la chimie théorique exploitées dans des programmes informatiques spécifiques afin de calculer structures et propriétés d'objets chimiques tels que les molécules, les solides, les agrégats atomiques (ou clusters), les surfaces, etc., en appliquant autant que possible ces programmes à des problèmes chimiques réels.
Embarrassingly parallelIn parallel computing, an embarrassingly parallel workload or problem (also called embarrassingly parallelizable, perfectly parallel, delightfully parallel or pleasingly parallel) is one where little or no effort is needed to separate the problem into a number of parallel tasks. This is often the case where there is little or no dependency or need for communication between those parallel tasks, or for results between them. Thus, these are different from distributed computing problems that need communication between tasks, especially communication of intermediate results.
AmplitudeEn physique classique, on nomme amplitude la mesure scalaire (une coordonnée) d’un nombre positif caractérisant l’ampleur des variations d'une grandeur. Le plus souvent il s'agit de l'écart maximal par rapport à la valeur médiane (qui est aussi la valeur moyenne si la variation est symétrique). Cette définition diffère du langage courant, dans lequel l'amplitude désigne généralement l'écart entre les valeurs extrêmes d'une grandeur.
