Pooled varianceIn statistics, pooled variance (also known as combined variance, composite variance, or overall variance, and written ) is a method for estimating variance of several different populations when the mean of each population may be different, but one may assume that the variance of each population is the same. The numerical estimate resulting from the use of this method is also called the pooled variance. Under the assumption of equal population variances, the pooled sample variance provides a higher precision estimate of variance than the individual sample variances.
Processus empiriqueEn probabilités, le processus empirique est un processus stochastique qui s'exprime en fonction de la proportion d'objets appartenant à un certain ensemble. Ce processus fait intervenir les déviations d'une statistique autour de sa moyenne et sera donc utile dans l'étude de la plupart d'entre elles. Si sont des variables aléatoires réelles indépendantes et identiquement distribuées (i.i.d.) ayant pour fonction de répartition alors on définit le processus empirique réel par où est la fonction de répartition empirique associée à l'échantillon .
ExponentiationEn mathématiques, l’exponentiation est une opération binaire non commutative qui étend la notion de puissance d'un nombre en algèbre. Elle se note en plaçant l'un des opérandes en exposant (d'où son nom) de l'autre, appelé base. Pour des exposants rationnels, l'exponentiation est définie algébriquement de façon à satisfaire la relation : Pour des exposants réels, complexes ou matriciels, la définition passe en général par l'utilisation de la fonction exponentielle, à condition que la base admette un logarithme : L'exponentiation ensembliste est définie à l'aide des ensembles de fonctions : Elle permet de définir l'exponentiation pour les cardinaux associés.
Malthusian growth modelA Malthusian growth model, sometimes called a simple exponential growth model, is essentially exponential growth based on the idea of the function being proportional to the speed to which the function grows. The model is named after Thomas Robert Malthus, who wrote An Essay on the Principle of Population (1798), one of the earliest and most influential books on population. Malthusian models have the following form: where P0 = P(0) is the initial population size, r = the population growth rate, which Ronald Fisher called the Malthusian parameter of population growth in The Genetical Theory of Natural Selection, and Alfred J.
Power ruleIn calculus, the power rule is used to differentiate functions of the form , whenever is a real number. Since differentiation is a linear operation on the space of differentiable functions, polynomials can also be differentiated using this rule. The power rule underlies the Taylor series as it relates a power series with a function's derivatives. Let be a function satisfying for all , where . Then, The power rule for integration states that for any real number . It can be derived by inverting the power rule for differentiation.
Sampling fractionIn sampling theory, the sampling fraction is the ratio of sample size to population size or, in the context of stratified sampling, the ratio of the sample size to the size of the stratum. The formula for the sampling fraction is where n is the sample size and N is the population size. A sampling fraction value close to 1 will occur if the sample size is relatively close to the population size. When sampling from a finite population without replacement, this may cause dependence between individual samples.
