Cell cycle checkpointCell cycle checkpoints are control mechanisms in the eukaryotic cell cycle which ensure its proper progression. Each checkpoint serves as a potential termination point along the cell cycle, during which the conditions of the cell are assessed, with progression through the various phases of the cell cycle occurring only when favorable conditions are met. There are many checkpoints in the cell cycle, but the three major ones are: the G1 checkpoint, also known as the Start or restriction checkpoint or Major Checkpoint; the G2/M checkpoint; and the metaphase-to-anaphase transition, also known as the spindle checkpoint.
Parental obesityMaternal obesity refers to obesity (often including being overweight) of a woman during pregnancy. Parental obesity refers to obesity of either parent during pregnancy. Maternal obesity has a significant impact on maternal metabolism and offspring development. Insulin resistance, glucose homeostasis, fat oxidation and amino acid synthesis are all disrupted by maternal obesity and contribute to adverse outcomes. Modification of lifestyle is an effective intervention strategy for improvement of maternal metabolism and the prevention of adverse outcomes.
Vitamine B3La vitamine () est une vitamine hydrosoluble qui correspond à deux molécules : la niacine (acide nicotinique) et son amide, la nicotinamide, parfois appelée niacinamide. Elle est aussi appelée vitamine PP pour pellagra preventive car une carence en cette vitamine est responsable de la pellagre. La vitamine , précurseur du NAD+ (nicotinamide adénine dinucléotide) et du NADP+ (nicotinamide adénine dinucléotide phosphate), est nécessaire comme cofacteur d'oxydoréduction au métabolisme des glucides, des lipides et des protéines.
Métabolite primaireUn métabolite primaire est un type de métabolite qui est directement impliqué dans la croissance, le développement et la reproduction normale d'un organisme ou d'une cellule. Ce composé a généralement une fonction physiologique dans cet organisme, c'est-à-dire une fonction intrinsèque. Un métabolite primaire est souvent présent dans de nombreux organismes taxonomiquement éloignés. Il est également désigné par métabolite central, qui prend même le sens plus restrictif de métabolite présent dans tous les organismes ou cellules en croissance autonome.
Cétogenèseupright=1.5|vignette| Réactions de la cétogenèse. Les corps cétoniques (acétone, acétylacétate, ) sont surlignés. La cétogenèse, ou voie des corps cétoniques, est, après le cycle de Krebs, la deuxième utilisation la plus importante de l' par les cellules. Cette voie métabolique devient significative en période de jeûne prolongé ou en cas de diabète, quand l'organisme ne peut utiliser ses réserves de glucose pour produire l'ATP dont il a besoin.
Management of obesityManagement of obesity can include lifestyle changes, medications, or surgery. Although many studies have sought effective interventions, there is currently no evidence-based, well-defined, and efficient intervention to prevent obesity. The main treatment for obesity consists of weight loss via healthy nutrition and increasing physical exercise. A 2007 review concluded that certain subgroups, such as those with type 2 diabetes and women who undergo weight loss, show long-term benefits in all-cause mortality, while long‐term outcomes for men are "not clear and need further investigation.
Secondary metabolismSecondary metabolism (also called specialized metabolism) is a term for pathways and small molecule products of metabolism that are involved in ecological interactions, but are not absolutely required for the survival of the organism. These molecules are sometimes produced by specialized cells, such as laticifers in plants. Secondary metabolites commonly mediate antagonistic interactions, such as competition and predation, as well as mutualistic ones such as pollination and resource mutualisms.
