Small fiber peripheral neuropathySmall fiber peripheral neuropathy is a type of peripheral neuropathy that occurs from damage to the small unmyelinated and myelinated peripheral nerve fibers. These fibers, categorized as C fibers and small Aδ fibers, are present in skin, peripheral nerves, and organs. The role of these nerves is to innervate the skin (somatic fibers) and help control autonomic function (autonomic fibers). It is estimated that 15–20 million people in the United States have some form of peripheral neuropathy.
ImmunogèneImmunogenicity is the ability of a foreign substance, such as an antigen, to provoke an immune response in the body of a human or other animal. It may be wanted or unwanted: Wanted immunogenicity typically relates to vaccines, where the injection of an antigen (the vaccine) provokes an immune response against the pathogen, protecting the organism from future exposure. Immunogenicity is a central aspect of vaccine development. Unwanted immunogenicity is an immune response by an organism against a therapeutic antigen.
Phagocytevignette|Image au microscope électronique d'un neutrophile (jaune, droite) phagocytant anthrax bacilli (orange, gauche). « Phagocyte » (aussi appelé « cellule phagocytaire ») signifie « cellule mangeuse ». On les appelle parfois éboueurs de l'organisme. Les phagocytes ou « cellules phagocytaires », sont en effet des cellules pouvant ingérer et détruire des particules de taille variable (de l'échelle nanométrique à micrométrique), qui sont par exemple des microbes, des cellules altérées, des tissus sanguins ou des particules étrangères à l'organisme.
Cellular senescenceCellular senescence is a phenomenon characterized by the cessation of cell division. In their experiments during the early 1960s, Leonard Hayflick and Paul Moorhead found that normal human fetal fibroblasts in culture reach a maximum of approximately 50 cell population doublings before becoming senescent. This process is known as "replicative senescence", or the Hayflick limit. Hayflick's discovery of mortal cells paved the path for the discovery and understanding of cellular aging molecular pathways.
Clinical researchClinical research is a branch of healthcare science that determines the safety and effectiveness (efficacy) of medications, devices, diagnostic products and treatment regimens intended for human use. These may be used for prevention, treatment, diagnosis or for relieving symptoms of a disease. Clinical research is different from clinical practice. In clinical practice established treatments are used, while in clinical research evidence is collected to establish a treatment.
Preclinical developmentIn drug development, preclinical development, also termed preclinical studies or nonclinical studies, is a stage of research that begins before clinical trials (testing in humans) and during which important feasibility, iterative testing and drug safety data are collected, typically in laboratory animals. The main goals of preclinical studies are to determine a starting, safe dose for first-in-human study and assess potential toxicity of the product, which typically include new medical devices, prescription drugs, and diagnostics.
Sociologie du développementLa sociologie du développement se questionne sur les processus de développement sociaux et économiques. Cette branche de la sociologie place ces processus en regard de ses impacts sur la société (communauté, village, ville, pays ou région). Le terme "sociologie du développement" est plus courant dans la littérature en anglais qu'il ne l'est en français. La sociologie du développement est généralement à la croisée des chemins de l'histoire, de l'anthropologie et de la science politique.
