Publication

Governing the global commons with local institutions

Marcel Salathé
2012
Article
Résumé

Most problems faced by modern human society have two characteristics in common--they are tragedy-of-the-commons type of problems, and they are global problems. Tragedy-of-the-commons type of problems are those where a commonly shared resource is overexploited by free riders at the expense of everyone sharing the resource. The exploitation of global resources such as clean air and water, political stability and peace, etc. underlies many of the most pressing human problems. Punishment of free riding behavior is one of the most frequently used strategies to combat the problem, but the spatial reach of sanctioning institutions is often more limited than the spatial effects of overexploitation. Here, we analyze a general game theoretical model to assess under what circumstances sanctioning institutions with limited reach can maintain the larger commons. We find that the effect of the spatial reach has a strong effect on whether and how the commons can be maintained, and that the transitions between those outcomes are characterized by phase transitions. The latter indicates that a small change in the reach of sanctioning systems can profoundly change the way the global commons can be managed.

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Concepts associés (23)
Tragédie des biens communs
La tragédie des biens communs, ou tragédie des communs, est un concept décrivant un phénomène collectif de surexploitation d'une ressource commune que l'on retrouve en économie, en écologie, en sociologie La tragédie des biens communs doit se produire dans une situation de compétition pour l'accès à une ressource limitée (créant un conflit entre l'intérêt individuel et le bien commun) face à laquelle la stratégie économique rationnelle aboutit à un résultat perdant-perdant.
Communs
thumb|Exemple de bibliothèque partagée libre et gratuite, construite par les élèves d'un lycée pour y entreposer des livres librement apportés et librement empruntés (ici en 2016 sur le Port de Saint-Goustan, à Auray dans le Morbihan). Les communs sont des ressources partagées, gérées et maintenues collectivement par une communauté ; celle-ci établit des règles dans le but de préserver et pérenniser ces ressources tout en fournissant aux membres de cette communauté la possibilité et le droit de les utiliser, voire, si la communauté le décide, en octroyant ce droit à tous.
Global commons
Global commons is a term typically used to describe international, supranational, and global resource domains in which common-pool resources are found. Global commons include the earth's shared natural resources, such as the high oceans, the atmosphere and outer space and the Antarctic in particular. Cyberspace may also meet the definition of a global commons. "Global commons" is a term typically used to describe international, supranational, and global resource domains in which common-pool resources are found.
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