Bijection, injection and surjectionIn mathematics, injections, surjections, and bijections are classes of functions distinguished by the manner in which arguments (input expressions from the domain) and (output expressions from the codomain) are related or mapped to each other. A function maps elements from its domain to elements in its codomain. Given a function : The function is injective, or one-to-one, if each element of the codomain is mapped to by at most one element of the domain, or equivalently, if distinct elements of the domain map to distinct elements in the codomain.
Racine primitive modulo nLes racines primitives modulo n sont un concept issu de l'arithmétique modulaire, dans la théorie des nombres. Ce sont (lorsqu'il en existe) les générateurs du groupe des inversibles de l'anneau Z/nZ. Si n est un entier strictement positif, les nombres premiers avec n, pris modulo n, forment un groupe pour la multiplication, noté (Z/nZ) ou Z. Ce groupe est cyclique si et seulement si n est égal à 4 ou p ou 2p pour un nombre premier p ≥ 3 et k ≥ 0. Un générateur de ce groupe cyclique est appelé une racine primitive modulo n, ou un élément primitif de Z.
Multiplicative group of integers modulo nIn modular arithmetic, the integers coprime (relatively prime) to n from the set of n non-negative integers form a group under multiplication modulo n, called the multiplicative group of integers modulo n. Equivalently, the elements of this group can be thought of as the congruence classes, also known as residues modulo n, that are coprime to n. Hence another name is the group of primitive residue classes modulo n. In the theory of rings, a branch of abstract algebra, it is described as the group of units of the ring of integers modulo n.
