An Indium-Free Anode for Large-Area Flexible OLEDs: Defect-Free Transparent Conductive Zinc Tin Oxide

Flexible large-area organic light-emitting diodes (OLEDs) require highly conductive and transparent anodes for efficient and uniform light emission. Tin-doped indium oxide (ITO) is the standard anode in industry. However, due to the scarcity of indium, alternative anodes that eliminate its use are highly desired. Here an indium-free anode is developed by a combinatorial study of zinc oxide (ZnO) and tin oxide (SnO2), both composed of earth-abundant elements. The optimized Zn-Sn-O (ZTO) films have electron mobilities of up to 21 cm(2) V-1 s(-1), a conductivity of 245 S cm(-1), and