Cadre (intelligence artificielle)Le terme de cadres (en anglais frames) a été proposé par Marvin Minsky dans son article de 1974 intitulé A Framework for Representing Knowledge. Un cadre en intelligence artificielle est une structure de données utilisée pour subdiviser la connaissance en sous-structures représentant des situations stéréotypées. Les cadres sont reliés entre eux pour former une idée complète. Un cadre contient de l'information sur la manière d'utiliser le cadre, sur ce qu'on peut en attendre, et sur ce qu'on peut faire lorsque cette attente n'est pas satisfaite.
Machine-readable medium and dataIn communications and computing, a machine-readable medium (or computer-readable medium) is a medium capable of storing data in a format easily readable by a digital computer or a sensor. It contrasts with human-readable medium and data. The result is called machine-readable data or computer-readable data, and the data itself can be described as having machine-readability. Machine-readable data must be structured data. Attempts to create machine-readable data occurred as early as the 1960s.
Web des donnéesLe Web des données (linked data, en anglais) est une initiative du W3C visant à favoriser la publication de données structurées sur le Web, non pas sous la forme de silos de données isolés les uns des autres, mais en les reliant entre elles pour constituer un réseau global d'informations. Il s'appuie sur les standards du Web tels que HTTP et URI. Plutôt qu'utiliser ces standards uniquement pour faciliter la navigation par les êtres humains, le Web des données les étend pour partager l'information également entre machines.
Scholarly peer reviewScholarly peer review or academic peer review (also known as refereeing) is the process of having a draft version of a researcher's methods and findings reviewed (usually anonymously) by experts (or "peers") in the same field. Peer review is widely used for helping the academic publisher (that is, the editor-in-chief, the editorial board or the program committee) decide whether the work should be accepted, considered acceptable with revisions, or rejected for official publication in an academic journal, a monograph or in the proceedings of an academic conference.
Scientific literatureScientific literature comprises academic papers that report original empirical and theoretical work in the natural and social sciences. Within a field of research, relevant papers are often referred to as "the literature". Academic publishing is the process of contributing the results of one's research into the literature, which often requires a peer-review process. Original scientific research published for the first time in scientific journals is called the primary literature.
Semantic integrationSemantic integration is the process of interrelating information from diverse sources, for example calendars and to do lists, email archives, presence information (physical, psychological, and social), documents of all sorts, contacts (including social graphs), search results, and advertising and marketing relevance derived from them. In this regard, semantics focuses on the organization of and action upon information by acting as an intermediary between heterogeneous data sources, which may conflict not only by structure but also context or value.
Scholarly methodThe scholarly method or scholarship is the body of principles and practices used by scholars and academics to make their claims about the subject as valid and trustworthy as possible, and to make them known to the scholarly public. It is the methods that systemically advance the teaching, research, and practice of a given scholarly or academic field of study through rigorous inquiry. Scholarship is noted by its significance to its particular profession, and is creative, can be documented, can be replicated or elaborated, and can be and is peer reviewed through various methods.
Méthode formelle (informatique)En informatique, les méthodes formelles sont des techniques permettant de raisonner rigoureusement, à l'aide de logique mathématique, sur un programme informatique ou du matériel électronique numérique, afin de démontrer leur validité par rapport à une certaine spécification. Elles reposent sur les sémantiques des programmes, c'est-à-dire sur des descriptions mathématiques formelles du sens d'un programme donné par son code source (ou, parfois, son code objet).
Academic publishingAcademic publishing is the subfield of publishing which distributes academic research and scholarship. Most academic work is published in academic journal articles, books or theses. The part of academic written output that is not formally published but merely printed up or posted on the Internet is often called "grey literature". Most scientific and scholarly journals, and many academic and scholarly books, though not all, are based on some form of peer review or editorial refereeing to qualify texts for publication.
Article (publishing)An article or piece is a written work published in a print or electronic medium, for the propagation of news, research results, academic analysis or debate. News style A news article discusses current or recent news of either general interest (i.e. daily newspapers) or of a specific topic (i.e. political or trade news magazines, club newsletters or technology news websites). A news article can include accounts of eyewitnesses to the happening event.
