Nonlinear mixed-effects modelNonlinear mixed-effects models constitute a class of statistical models generalizing linear mixed-effects models. Like linear mixed-effects models, they are particularly useful in settings where there are multiple measurements within the same statistical units or when there are dependencies between measurements on related statistical units. Nonlinear mixed-effects models are applied in many fields including medicine, public health, pharmacology, and ecology.
Random effects modelIn statistics, a random effects model, also called a variance components model, is a statistical model where the model parameters are random variables. It is a kind of hierarchical linear model, which assumes that the data being analysed are drawn from a hierarchy of different populations whose differences relate to that hierarchy. A random effects model is a special case of a mixed model.
Dualité (optimisation)En théorie de l'optimisation, la dualité ou principe de dualité désigne le principe selon lequel les problèmes d'optimisation peuvent être vus de deux perspectives, le problème primal ou le problème dual, et la solution du problème dual donne une borne inférieure à la solution du problème (de minimisation) primal. Cependant, en général les valeurs optimales des problèmes primal et dual ne sont pas forcément égales : cette différence est appelée saut de dualité. Pour les problèmes en optimisation convexe, ce saut est nul sous contraintes.
Constrained optimizationIn mathematical optimization, constrained optimization (in some contexts called constraint optimization) is the process of optimizing an objective function with respect to some variables in the presence of constraints on those variables. The objective function is either a cost function or energy function, which is to be minimized, or a reward function or utility function, which is to be maximized.
Heteroskedasticity-consistent standard errorsThe topic of heteroskedasticity-consistent (HC) standard errors arises in statistics and econometrics in the context of linear regression and time series analysis. These are also known as heteroskedasticity-robust standard errors (or simply robust standard errors), Eicker–Huber–White standard errors (also Huber–White standard errors or White standard errors), to recognize the contributions of Friedhelm Eicker, Peter J. Huber, and Halbert White.
M-estimateurvignette|M-estimateur En statistique, les M-estimateurs constituent une large classe de statistiques obtenues par la minimisation d'une fonction dépendant des données et des paramètres du modèle. Le processus du calcul d'un M-estimateur est appelé M-estimation. De nombreuses méthodes d'estimation statistiques peuvent être considérées comme des M-estimateurs. Dépendant de la fonction à minimiser lors de la M-estimation, les M-estimateurs peuvent permettre d'obtenir des estimateurs plus robustes que les méthodes plus classiques, comme la méthode des moindres carrés.
Mixed-design analysis of varianceIn statistics, a mixed-design analysis of variance model, also known as a split-plot ANOVA, is used to test for differences between two or more independent groups whilst subjecting participants to repeated measures. Thus, in a mixed-design ANOVA model, one factor (a fixed effects factor) is a between-subjects variable and the other (a random effects factor) is a within-subjects variable. Thus, overall, the model is a type of mixed-effects model.
Robustesse (statistiques)En statistiques, la robustesse d'un estimateur est sa capacité à ne pas être perturbé par une modification dans une petite partie des données ou dans les paramètres du modèle choisi pour l'estimation. Ricardo A. Maronna, R. Douglas Martin et Victor J. Yohai; Robust Statistics - Theory and Methods, Wiley Series in Probability and Statistics (2006). Dagnelie P.; Statistique théorique et appliquée. Tome 2 : Inférence statistique à une et à deux dimensions, Paris et Bruxelles (2006), De Boeck et Larcier.
Errors-in-variables modelsIn statistics, errors-in-variables models or measurement error models are regression models that account for measurement errors in the independent variables. In contrast, standard regression models assume that those regressors have been measured exactly, or observed without error; as such, those models account only for errors in the dependent variables, or responses. In the case when some regressors have been measured with errors, estimation based on the standard assumption leads to inconsistent estimates, meaning that the parameter estimates do not tend to the true values even in very large samples.
Invariant estimatorIn statistics, the concept of being an invariant estimator is a criterion that can be used to compare the properties of different estimators for the same quantity. It is a way of formalising the idea that an estimator should have certain intuitively appealing qualities. Strictly speaking, "invariant" would mean that the estimates themselves are unchanged when both the measurements and the parameters are transformed in a compatible way, but the meaning has been extended to allow the estimates to change in appropriate ways with such transformations.
