Fourier analysisIn mathematics, Fourier analysis (ˈfʊrieɪ,_-iər) is the study of the way general functions may be represented or approximated by sums of simpler trigonometric functions. Fourier analysis grew from the study of Fourier series, and is named after Joseph Fourier, who showed that representing a function as a sum of trigonometric functions greatly simplifies the study of heat transfer. The subject of Fourier analysis encompasses a vast spectrum of mathematics.
Topological quantum field theoryIn gauge theory and mathematical physics, a topological quantum field theory (or topological field theory or TQFT) is a quantum field theory which computes topological invariants. Although TQFTs were invented by physicists, they are also of mathematical interest, being related to, among other things, knot theory and the theory of four-manifolds in algebraic topology, and to the theory of moduli spaces in algebraic geometry. Donaldson, Jones, Witten, and Kontsevich have all won Fields Medals for mathematical work related to topological field theory.
Bouteille de KleinEn mathématiques, la 'bouteille de Klein' (prononcé ) est une surface fermée, sans bord et non orientable, c'est-à-dire une surface pour laquelle il n'est pas possible de définir un « intérieur » et un « extérieur ». La bouteille de Klein a été décrite pour la première fois en 1882 par le mathématicien allemand Felix Klein. Son nom provient possiblement d’une confusion ou d’un jeu de mots entre les termes Klein Fläche (« surface de Klein ») et Klein Flasche (« bouteille de Klein »).
