Dynamique moléculaireLa dynamique moléculaire est une technique de simulation numérique permettant de modéliser l'évolution d'un système de particules au cours du temps. Elle est particulièrement utilisée en sciences des matériaux et pour l'étude des molécules organiques, des protéines, de la matière molle et des macromolécules. En pratique, la dynamique moléculaire consiste à simuler le mouvement d'un ensemble de quelques dizaines à quelques milliers de particules dans un certain environnement (température, pression, champ électromagnétique, conditions aux limites.
Chloride channelChloride channels are a superfamily of poorly understood ion channels specific for chloride. These channels may conduct many different ions, but are named for chloride because its concentration in vivo is much higher than other anions. Several families of voltage-gated channels and ligand-gated channels (e.g., the CaCC families) have been characterized in humans. Voltage-gated chloride channels perform numerous crucial physiological and cellular functions, such as controlling pH, volume homeostasis, transporting organic solutes, regulating cell migration, proliferation, and differentiation.
Binary entropy functionIn information theory, the binary entropy function, denoted or , is defined as the entropy of a Bernoulli process with probability of one of two values. It is a special case of , the entropy function. Mathematically, the Bernoulli trial is modelled as a random variable that can take on only two values: 0 and 1, which are mutually exclusive and exhaustive. If , then and the entropy of (in shannons) is given by where is taken to be 0. The logarithms in this formula are usually taken (as shown in the graph) to the base 2.
Cycle de CalvinLe cycle de Calvin (aussi connu comme le cycle de Calvin-Benson-Bassham) est une série de réactions biochimiques des organismes photosynthétiques ayant lieu dans le stroma des chloroplastes chez les eucaryotes ou dans le cytoplasme chez les procaryotes. Il a été découvert par Melvin Calvin, Andy Benson et à l’université de Californie à Berkeley. Durant la photosynthèse, l’énergie de la lumière est convertie en énergie chimique conservée dans l’ATP et le NADPH.
Ligand efficiencyLigand efficiency is a measurement of the binding energy per atom of a ligand to its binding partner, such as a receptor or enzyme. Ligand efficiency is used in drug discovery research programs to assist in narrowing focus to lead compounds with optimal combinations of physicochemical properties and pharmacological properties. Mathematically, ligand efficiency (LE) can be defined as the ratio of Gibbs free energy (ΔG) to the number of non-hydrogen atoms of the compound: LE = -(ΔG)/N where ΔG = −RTlnKi and N is the number of non-hydrogen atoms.
Démarreur (électricité)A motor soft starter is a device used with AC electrical motors to temporarily reduce the load and torque in the powertrain and electric current surge of the motor during start-up. This reduces the mechanical stress on the motor and shaft, as well as the electrodynamic stresses on the attached power cables and electrical distribution network, extending the lifespan of the system. It can consist of mechanical or electrical devices, or a combination of both.
Entropy in thermodynamics and information theoryThe mathematical expressions for thermodynamic entropy in the statistical thermodynamics formulation established by Ludwig Boltzmann and J. Willard Gibbs in the 1870s are similar to the information entropy by Claude Shannon and Ralph Hartley, developed in the 1940s. The defining expression for entropy in the theory of statistical mechanics established by Ludwig Boltzmann and J. Willard Gibbs in the 1870s, is of the form: where is the probability of the microstate i taken from an equilibrium ensemble, and is the Boltzmann's constant.
Rosetta@homeRosetta@home est un projet de calcul distribué ouvert le . Son objectif est déterminer la structure de protéines, afin de pouvoir élaborer des traitements contre les principales pathologies humaines. Ce projet est mené par le laboratoire du professeur de l'université de Washington. En , le projet a une puissance de calcul de 156 téraFLOPS. Rosetta@home est un projet informatique de calcul distribué qui utilise le système BOINC disponible sur les plates formes Windows, Linux, et Mac OS X.
Récepteur métabotropeLes sont des protéines membranaires qui en réponse à la fixation d'un ligand changent leur conformation et activent une cascade d'événements intracellulaires. Les récepteurs de neurotransmetteurs peuvent être distingués en deux catégories: ionotropes et métabotropes. Tous deux mettent en jeu l'ouverture de canaux ioniques sous l'action d'un neurotransmetteur, c'est-à-dire la conversion d'un signal chimique pré-synaptique (neurotransmetteur) en signal électrique post-synaptique (grâce à un flux d'ions).
Ischemic colitisIschemic colitis (also spelled ischaemic colitis) is a medical condition in which inflammation and injury of the large intestine result from inadequate blood supply. Although uncommon in the general population, ischemic colitis occurs with greater frequency in the elderly, and is the most common form of bowel ischemia. Causes of the reduced blood flow can include changes in the systemic circulation (e.g. low blood pressure) or local factors such as constriction of blood vessels or a blood clot.
