Engagement of the Rat Hindlimb Motor Cortex across Natural Locomotor Behaviors

Janine Beauparlant, Grégoire Courtine, Simone Ellen Joze Duis, Lucia Florinda Friedli Wittler, Julie Kreider, Silvestro Micera, Jacopo Rigosa, Rubia van den Brand
Soc Neuroscience, 2016
Article

Résumé

Contrary to cats and primates, cortical contribution to hindlimb locomotor movements is not critical in rats. However, the importance of the motor cortex to regain locomotion after neurological disorders in rats suggests that cortical engagement in hindlimb motor control may depend on the behavioral context. To investigate this possibility, we recorded whole-body kinematics, muscle synergies, and hindlimb motor cortex modulation in freely moving rats performing a range of natural locomotor procedures. We found that the activation of hindlimb motor cortex preceded gait initiation. During overground locomotion, the motor cortex exhibited consistent neuronal population responses that were synchronized with the spatiotemporal activation of hindlimb motoneurons. Behaviors requiring enhanced muscle activity or skilled paw placement correlated with substantial adjustment in neuronal population responses. In contrast, all rats exhibited a reduction of cortical activity during more automated behavior, such as stepping on a treadmill. Despite the facultative role of the motor cortex in the production of locomotion in rats, these results show that the encoding of hindlimb features in motor cortex dynamics is comparable in rats and cats. However, the extent of motor cortex modulations appears linked to the degree of volitional engagement and complexity of the task, reemphasizing the importance of goal-directed behaviors for motor control studies, rehabilitation, and neuroprosthetics.

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https://infoscience.epfl.ch/record/225162?ln=fr

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Janine Beauparlant, Grégoire Courtine, Simone Ellen Joze Duis, Lucia Florinda Friedli Wittler, Julie Kreider, Silvestro Micera, Jacopo Rigosa, Rubia van den Brand
Soc Neuroscience, 2016
Article

Résumé

Official source

https://infoscience.epfl.ch/record/225162?ln=fr

À propos de ce résultat

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Concepts associés

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Publications associées (36)

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Corticolumbar dynamics during recovery after spinal cord injury

Selin Anil

In humans, a severe spinal cord contusion interrupts the vast majority of supraspinal projections to the spinal cord below the lesion. Permanent paralysis results from the chronic failure of these spared projections to engage lumbar circuits producing leg movement. We modeled these injuries in rodents, and showed the immediate access of cortical circuits onto the electrochemically-enabled lumbar spinal cord. Neuroprosthetic rehabilitation leveraged spared motor circuits elements, ultimately leading to the establishment of a cortico-reticulo-spinal relay that mediated the recovery of voluntary control over the legs. Cortical fibers underwent a drastic anatomical remodeling, contacting glutamatergic reticulospinal neurons in the brainstem which, despite lesion variability, consistently retained synaptic connections onto lumbar circuits. This circuit-level reorganization mediated a cortex-dependent recovery of natural locomotor behaviors. In the aim of refining our understanding of the cortical contribution to the restoration of leg motor control with neuroprosthetic rehabilitation, we established a methodology to translate to rats a technique of endoscopic calcium imaging in freely-moving animals. We increased the stability of the implant, reaching unprecedented chronic degrees of longevity. Using this newly implemented technology, we tracked the activity of single corticolumbar cells during natural walking in intact rats, showing a strong representation of motor behavioral features in the population. We additionally highlighted the stability of locomotion-related classifications of individual neurons, suggesting a segregation of movement-related representations. The contusion was accompanied by important anatomical changes of corticolumbar cell bodies, preventing the longitudinal identification of single neurons across injury. However, population-level analyses highlighted a maintained strong representation of locomotion at late stages after injury and training. We did not find any dynamic change in corticolumbar population activity correlating with the recovery of voluntary leg motor control, which reflected in a stability of the fractions of movement-related neurons. These early results start shedding light on possible mechanisms of functional plasticity accompanying recovery after spinal cord injury, as a peculiar form of motor learning. Concurrently to the functional reorganization of corticolumbar neurons, we investigated the anatomical plasticity of this specific population with contusion and training. Neuroprosthetic rehabilitation led to a strengthening of collateral connections onto the thoracic spinal segments above the lesion. However, we found no effect of training on the anatomical remodeling throughout the brain and brainstem. Notably, the absence of sprouting of corticolumbar collaterals in the brainstem reticular formation leads us to question the identity of the cortical population involved in the formation of the cortico-reticulo-spinal relay.

EPFL2020

Chargement

Spinal cord injury (SCI) disrupts communication within central nervous system and lead to range of neurological disorders including paralysis. Current rehabilitation strategies to restore locomotion are poorly effective in people with severe SCI. Epidural electrical stimulation (EES) showed promising results in animal models and humans to improve recovery. However, EES protocols have remained empirical, which has limited the efficacy of this paradigm. In this thesis, I report my contribution to the development of EES related software and hardware that were driven by the under- standing of the mechanisms underlying EES. These neurotechnologies showed a remarkable efficacy to reestablish locomotion in animal models of leg paralysis. EES protocols have primarily been delivered with continuous stimulations applied over the middle of the spinal cord, independently of current limb positions. However the natural activity of the spinal cord does not correspond to this limited monotone modulation. In the first part of this thesis, we developed spatiotemporal stimulation protocols that seek to reproduce the natural activity of the spinal cord during walking. Using computational models, we identified optimal electrode locations that target individual posterior roots. These simulations steered the design of spatially selective spinal implants. Control software triggered stimulation trains in real-time to engage extensor and flexor synergies according to limb positions. This spatiotemporal neuro- modulation therapy enhanced locomotor performances in rats with severe SCI. However, these spatiotemporal neuromodulation protocols were controlled via an external computer. The animal had no control over the occurrence of the stimulation. To remedy this limitation, we designed a brain-spine interface. We linked motor states decoded from leg motor cortex activity to spinal cord stimulation protocols to elicited the intended movements. We implemented this brain-spine interface in a nonhuman primate models of transient unilateral leg paralysis. All the animals immediately regained movements of the paralyzed leg. There is often a mechanical mismatch between current stiff implants and the soft neural tissues of the host. The third part of this thesis is dedicated to the design and fabrication of soft neural implants that present the same elasticity as the dura mater. These implants maintain the ability to deliver electrochemical stimulation while being stretched. Such interfaces can be applied to multiple neuroprosthetic applications, including the restoration of locomotion in paralyzed rats. In the last part of this thesis, I addressed the current limitations of spinal implant specificity. We found that EES activates the large afferent fibers within the dorsal rots and developed novel implants that take advantage of the known trajectories of the dorsal roots to increase the specificity of EES. First, we built a precise anatomical computational model of the lumbosacral roots. We then ran simulations that identi- fied multipolar electrode configurations capable of steering the current specifcally. These results drove the fabrication of soft neural implants that we inserted chronically in rat models of severe SCI. Experiments showed that multipolar EES increases the specificity of the stimulation compared to conventional protocols. All the concepts developed and validated in my thesis are already applied or are steering applications in humans with SCI.

EPFL2019

Chargement

First human trials involving neuroprosthetic rehabilitation demonstrated recently that significant functional benefits can be achieved with lumbosacral neuromodulation and reorganized spared projections. However, complete spinal cord injuries (SCI) wholly isolate infralesional circuits from any supraspinal control, leading to irreversible motor deficits that neuroprosthetics still fails to address. As axons fail to regrow across the lesion site, neuroregenerative research after SCI has been dogmatically focusing attention on minimizing the environmental inhibitions to axon regeneration. In the present work, we demonstrate that spontaneous axon regeneration failure can be reversed, and that propriospinal axons are able to grow across complete non-neural lesion cores when the required facilitators are provided. We identified three mechanisms needed for propriospinal regrowth : i) enhancing neuronal intrinsic growth capacities using viral technologies, ii) remodeling the lesion core with growth factors, in order to densify permissive substrates, and iii) guiding axons chemically across the SCI site. Propriospinal neurons - that coordinate different spinal segments in healthy conditions - are known to support recovery of locomotion in incomplete models of spinal cord injury. However, restoring a robust descending bridge of propriospinal axons does not by itself promote any functional benefit. We hypothesize that a lack of somatosensory feedback to the motor cortex (M1), together with insufficient descending motor control, may prevent coherent exchange of information between lumbosacral and cortical motor centers. Therefore, we explored the neuroregenerative potential of reticulospinal axons - which are projected from the brainstem to the spinal cord - as a second relay for the descending motor cortical command. Together with axon guidance and lesion remodeling, our viral manipulation of intrinsic growth programs induced limited yet significant reticulospinal regeneration into the lesion core. In order to enhance this reticulospinal regrowth, we explored activity-dependent mechanisms of neurite growth control. As we observed that activity does not recruit growth programs after SCI, we revealed a possible divergence between the mechanisms that underly reticulospinal axon regrowth and neurite sprouting. In the mean time, we are developing a somatosensory interface that aims at restoring sensory feedback to the motor cortex after complete SCI. Based on hindlimb electromyographic activity, we linked locomotion to optogenetic neuromodulation of the motor thalamus, and were able to evoke responses in M1 by selectively activating thalamocortical projections, both before and after complete spinal lesion. Such technology enables a direct recruitment of thalamic nuclei that gate motor learning and motor planning at a cortical level. Coming experiments will test wether a strategy combining propriospinal regeneration with locomotion-dependent thalamocortical modulation is sufficient to restore voluntary stepping after complete SCI.

EPFL2019

Chargement

EPFL2019

Corticolumbar dynamics during recovery after spinal cord injury

Selin Anil

EPFL2020

EPFL2019