Branching quantifierIn logic a branching quantifier, also called a Henkin quantifier, finite partially ordered quantifier or even nonlinear quantifier, is a partial ordering of quantifiers for Q ∈ {∀,∃}. It is a special case of generalized quantifier. In classical logic, quantifier prefixes are linearly ordered such that the value of a variable ym bound by a quantifier Qm depends on the value of the variables y1, ..., ym−1 bound by quantifiers Qy1, ..., Qym−1 preceding Qm. In a logic with (finite) partially ordered quantification this is not in general the case.
Forêt boréale canadiennevignette|Vue sur le fleuve Yukon près de Carmacks (Yukon), Canada. La forêt boréale canadienne couvre environ 28% de la forêt boréale planétaire. Elle est constituée d'arbres tolérants au froid, conifères et de nombreuses espèces résineuses (pins, épinettes, mélèzes, sapins et thuyas) et de quelques espèces feuillues (peupliers et bouleaux). À l'intérieur de la zone boréale, la répartition actuelle des espèces boréales s'explique par la capacité de ces espèces à supporter le climat froid et par l'histoire postglaciaire de la zone.
Boreal ecosystemA boreal ecosystem is an ecosystem with a subarctic climate located in the Northern Hemisphere, approximately between 50° to 70°N latitude. These ecosystems are commonly known as taiga and are located in parts of North America, Europe, and Asia. The ecosystems that lie immediately to the south of boreal zones are often called hemiboreal. There are a variety of processes and species that occur in these areas as well. The Köppen symbols of boreal ecosystems are Dfc, Dwc, Dfd, and Dwd.
Mangrove restorationMangrove restoration is the regeneration of mangrove forest ecosystems in areas where they have previously existed. The practice of mangrove restoration is grounded in the discipline of restoration ecology, which aims to “[assist] the recovery of resilience and adaptive capacity of ecosystems that have been degraded, damaged, or destroyed”. Since environmental impacts are an ongoing threat, to successfully restore an ecosystem implies not merely to recreate its former condition, but to strengthen its capacity to adapt to change over time.
Réseau des voies navigablesLe réseau des voies navigables est l'ensemble des fleuves, rivières et canaux aménagés, équipés et ouverts à la circulation et au transport fluvial. Le transport par eau (fleuves et canaux) revêt plusieurs avantages : il est très économique car peu coûteux en énergie, il permet de transporter des tonnages très importants, et peu polluant. Ses inconvénients, outre la lenteur d'acheminement dans certains cas, résident dans la faiblesse du réseau des voies navigables très inégalement réparti et dans la nécessité, sauf exceptions, de transports terminaux.
NavigabilityA body of water, such as a river, canal or lake, is navigable if it is deep, wide and calm enough for a water vessel (e.g. boats) to pass safely. Such a navigable water is called a waterway, and is preferably with few obstructions against direct traverse that needed avoiding, such as rocks, reefs or trees. Bridges built over waterways must have sufficient clearance. High flow speed may make a channel unnavigable due to risk of ship collisions. Waters may be unnavigable because of ice, particularly in winter or high-latitude regions.
