Program analysisIn computer science, program analysis is the process of automatically analyzing the behavior of computer programs regarding a property such as correctness, robustness, safety and liveness. Program analysis focuses on two major areas: program optimization and program correctness. The first focuses on improving the program’s performance while reducing the resource usage while the latter focuses on ensuring that the program does what it is supposed to do.
Direct method in the calculus of variationsIn mathematics, the direct method in the calculus of variations is a general method for constructing a proof of the existence of a minimizer for a given functional, introduced by Stanisław Zaremba and David Hilbert around 1900. The method relies on methods of functional analysis and topology. As well as being used to prove the existence of a solution, direct methods may be used to compute the solution to desired accuracy. The calculus of variations deals with functionals , where is some function space and .
Observateur (patron de conception)Le patron observateur est un patron de conception de la famille des patrons comportementaux. Il s'agit de l'un des vingt-trois patrons de l'ouvrage du « Gang of Four » Design Patterns – Elements of Reusable Object-Oriented Software. Il est utilisé pour envoyer un signal à des modules qui jouent le rôle dobservateurs. En cas de notification, les observateurs effectuent alors l'action adéquate en fonction des informations qui parviennent depuis les modules qu'ils observent (les observables).
History of algebraAlgebra can essentially be considered as doing computations similar to those of arithmetic but with non-numerical mathematical objects. However, until the 19th century, algebra consisted essentially of the theory of equations. For example, the fundamental theorem of algebra belongs to the theory of equations and is not, nowadays, considered as belonging to algebra (in fact, every proof must use the completeness of the real numbers, which is not an algebraic property).
