Diversité bêtaLa diversité bêta (diversité-β) est une mesure de la biodiversité qui consiste à comparer la diversité des espèces entre écosystèmes ou le long de gradients environnementaux. Cela suppose de comparer le nombre de taxons qui sont uniques à chacun des écosystèmes. C'est le taux de variation en composition d'espèces dans l'ensemble des habitats ou parmi des communautés. Cela donne une mesure quantitative de la diversité des communautés des environnements changeants.
Pesticide applicationPesticide application refers to the practical way in which pesticides (including herbicides, fungicides, insecticides, or nematode control agents) are delivered to their biological targets (e.g. pest organism, crop or other plant). Public concern about the use of pesticides has highlighted the need to make this process as efficient as possible, in order to minimise their release into the environment and human exposure (including operators, bystanders and consumers of produce).
Herbicidethumb|upright=1.5|Désherbage total avant semis direct sans labour (Canton de Berne, Suisse). Un herbicide est une substance active ou une préparation phytosanitaire ayant la propriété de tuer les végétaux. Le terme « désherbant » est synonyme d'herbicide. Les herbicides appartiennent à la famille des pesticides, elle-même incluse dans la famille des biocides. Les herbicides sont employés en défense des cultures, dans les golfs, en sylviculture, pour lutter contre les mauvaises herbes qui concurrencent les plantes cultivées, qu'il s'agisse de plantes herbacées ou ligneuses.
Phenoxy herbicidePhenoxy herbicides (or "phenoxies") are two families of chemicals that have been developed as commercially important herbicides, widely used in agriculture. They share the part structure of phenoxyacetic acid. The first group to be discovered act by mimicking the auxin growth hormone indoleacetic acid (IAA). When sprayed on broad-leaf plants they induce rapid, uncontrolled growth ("growing to death"). Thus when applied to monocotyledonous crops such as wheat or maize (corn), they selectively kill broad-leaf weeds, leaving the crops relatively unaffected.
Tree plantingTree planting is the process of transplanting tree seedlings, generally for forestry, land reclamation, or landscaping purposes. It differs from the transplantation of larger trees in arboriculture and from the lower-cost but slower and less reliable distribution of tree seeds. Trees contribute to their environment over long periods of time by providing oxygen, improving air quality, climate amelioration, conserving water, preserving soil, and supporting wildlife.
Grazing (behaviour)Grazing is a method of feeding in which a herbivore feeds on low-growing plants such as grasses or other multicellular organisms, such as algae. Many species of animals can be said to be grazers, from large animals such as hippopotamuses to small aquatic snails. Grazing behaviour is a type of feeding strategy within the ecology of a species. Specific grazing strategies include graminivory (eating grasses); coprophagy (producing part-digested pellets which are reingested); pseudoruminant (having a multi-chambered stomach but not chewing the cud); and grazing on plants other than grass, such as on marine algae.
